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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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X Rays |
Cheap, common way of looking inside body |
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Contrast Xrays |
-inject Radio Opaque dye into person and X-ray will contrast it - substance that absorbs more/less than the surrounding tissue |
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Cerebral Angiography |
- uses infusion of ROD into cerebral artery to visualize the cerebral circulatory system during xray -locates something wrong with circulatory system -locates tumors |
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging |
-Variation of MRI -Identifies pathways along which water molecules rapidly diffuse. - Provides an image of major tracts- (major routes of rapid water diffusion in brain) |
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MRI |
- Structure/ Hydrogen -H atoms have nmri signal -Magentic field that runs down centre of tube, hydrogen protons will line up and most will cancel out those that don't cancel will spin - applies radio freq specific to H, forced the unaccented protons to spin a particular direction/freq |
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Spatial resolution |
-better in MIR, ability to detect/represent differences in spatial resolution. When Rf pulse turned off, h go back to normal alignment |
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Fourier Transform |
the imaging part of MRI - what the computer does to work backwards from the signal - what takes MRI's so long to get back |
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Advantages of MRI |
- no use of ionizing radiation -can image any way (saggital, horizontal, axially) - Great CONTRAST/ SPATIAL resolution |
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Disdav of mri |
- money -cannot scan ppl with pacemaker/ too big -unpleasant noisy - mental illness/ claustrophobic -kids |
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FMRI |
- Function- hemoglobin- carries 02 - measures blood flow increase or decrease in areas that just used blood -indirectly measures activity of the brain -Look at magnetic resonance of HEMOglobin -oxygenated blood has magnetic properties that influence the radio few waves emitted by hydrogen atoms BOLD signal- blood 02 level dependent |
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Fmri over pet scan advantages |
-Nothing injected -provides both structural/ functional info in one image -better spatial reso, poor temporal reso - Create 3D images of activity over entire brain |
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PET SCAN |
- Function, brain activity- radioactive tracers - Measures gamma rays - Shows where in brain glucose ins being used - 2 deocyglucose (radio tracer)(2DGS) injected to carotid artery -FLUorodopamine- converted to fluoro L Dopa- make it radioactive. |
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Magnetencephalography (MEG) |
-provides higher temporal resolution of brain activity changes than Fmri - measurement of magnetic fields due to brain activity -pick up magnetic field that are emanating from brain pathways |
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Transcranial Magentic Stimulation |
-disrupts brain activity to observe effects on consciousness- allows causal inference - Turns off area of cortex by creating magnetic field - manipulate brain- cause electrical currents flowing in brain - Used to determine causation of brain activity |
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Recording human psychophysiological activity |
- Electroencephalography -muscle tension -eye movement -skin conductance -cardiovascular activity |
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Psychophysiological activity |
methods of recording physiological activity from surface of human body |
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1. EEG- Scalp Electroencephalography |
- measure of the avg electrical activity of the brain - Sum of electrical events throughout the head: AP, postsynaptic potentials, electrical signals from skin, muscles, blood, eyes - usual to record EEG from many sites simultaneously |
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EEG wave forms associated with |
1. specific states of consciousness 2. Cerebral pathology (epilepsy) |
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ERPS |
Event related potentials -Accompany psychological events EG. sensory evoked potentials- are triggered by sensory stimulation SEP-- the change in the cortical EEG signal elicited by momentary presentation of a sensory stimulus) |
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Cortical EEG |
2 components: 1. response to the stimulus-- the signal 2. ongoing background EEG activity-- the noise
The noise is often so great that the sensory potential is masked. |
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Signal Averaging |
-Averaging= increases the signal to noise ratio. Reduce the noise of background EEG
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2. Muscle Tension Electromyogram EMG |
EMG- measures muscle tension - Can be used as a measure of psychological arousal - two electrodes taped to the surface of the skin over the muscle of interest Converted from raw to integrated EMG signal |
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3. Eye Movement Electrooculogram EOG |
Records eye movements-- potential difference between electrodes - Steady potential difference exists between from back of eyeball. When eye moves a change in electrical potential is recorded. |
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4. Skin Conductance SCL vs. SCR |
- Skin's conductivity can be measured - appears to reflect activity of sweat glands |
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SCL SCR |
SCL-- skin conductance level: measure of the background level of skin conductance
SCR- skin conductance response: measures transient changes in skin conductance associated with discrete experiences |
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5. Cardiovascular activity |
cardiovasc system has 2 parts-- 1. blood vessels 2. heart
- distributes oxygen/nutrients to tissues of body and removes metabolic waste, transmits chemical messages.
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HEART RATE (ECG/EKG) |
Electrocardiogram-- ECG or EKG- records electrical signals associated with heartbeats |
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BLOOD PRESSURE S/D |
Systoles- pressure during period of heart contraction diastoles- minimum pressure during period of relaxation hypertension-- blood pressure more than 140/90 Measured with: Sphygmomanometer: rubber cuff on arm |
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BLOOD VOLUME |
Plethysmography-- measuring changes in blood volume in a particular body part eg. Engorgement of the genitals associated with sexual arousal in males/females |
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Invasive physiological research methods |
1. Lesioning 2. electrical stimulation 3. invasive recording methods |
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Stereotaxic Surgery |
Experimental devices are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain
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1. Stereotaxic atlas 2. Bregma 3. Stereotaxic instrument |
1.provides coordinates for locating structures within the brain. all 3 dimensions of the brain 2. the reference point on the top of the skull 3. used to hold head steady and guide the device to be inserted head holder-- hold subjects brain in position and orientation electrode holder-- holds device to be inserted |
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Lesion Methods |
-Remove, damage or destroy a part of the brain to observe impact on behaviour -can be used to inactive a structure |
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1.Aspiration
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Cortical tissue accessible to eyes and instruments of surgeon - cortical tissue drawn off by suction through a glass pipette |
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2. Radio Freq |
Pass radio freq current through target tissue The heat from current destroys the tissue |
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3. Knife Cuts
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Used to eliminate conduction in a nerve/tract May damage surrounding area. |
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4. Cryogenic Blockade/ Reversible Lesions |
- useful alternatives to destructive lesions. RL- temporarily eliminating the activity in a particular area of the brain while tests are being conducted RL- produced by cooling the target structure/anesthetic ADV- same subjects can be repeatedly tested in both lesion and control conditions. |
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Electrical Stimulation |
may be used to "activate" a structure - stimulation of a structure may have an effect opposite to when a structure is lesioned Can elicit behavioural sequences: eating, drinking, attacking, sleeping
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Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods |
1.Intracellular 2.Extracellular 3. Multiple unit 4. Invasive EEG |
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1. Intracellular |
- membrane potential of a neuron - record of graded fluctuations in neutron membrane potential
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2. Extracellular |
-record of the firing of a neutron but no info about the neutrons membrane potential. - can now simultaneously record extracell sigs from up to 100 neurons |
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3. Multiple Unit |
-picks up signals from many neurons - shifts in its position due to movement of the subject have little effect on overall signal
Total Number of recorded AP's per unit of time |
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4. Invasive EEg |
- EEG signals recorded through large implanted electrodes rather than scalp electrodes |
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Routes of drug administration IG IP IM SC IV |
Oral- fed Intragastrically- injected into the stomach Intraperitoneally- injected hypodermically into peritoneal cavity of abdomen Intramuscularly- into large muscles Subcutaneously- into fatty tissue underneath skin Intravenously- into a vein CANNULA- drugs pass BBB through gone hollow tube steretaxically implanted in brain |
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Measuring Chemical activity of the brain |
1. 2 Deoxyglucose Technique 2. Cerebral Dialysis |
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1. 2- Deoxyglucose Technique |
placing an animal that has been injected with radioactive 2-DG in test sitch where it engages in the activity of interest. -Brain slices removed and AUTORADIOGRAPHY AR- coated with photographic emulsion stored in darkness- areas that absorbed high levels of 2DG appeal as black spots |
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2. Cerebral Dialysis |
- Measuring extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals -implantation of a fine tube in brain with semipermeable section- so extracellular chemicals will diffuse into tube |
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Immunocytochemistry |
procedure for locating particular neuroproteins in brain by labeling their antibodies with dye then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies -can be used to locate NT by binding to their enzymes- |
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In Situ Hybridization |
-locating peptides and other proteins in brain Involves: molecules that bind to MRNA that directs the synthesis of target protein are synthesized and labeled and brain slices are exposed to them |
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Gene knockout Techniques |
- creating organisms that lack a particular gene EG. Melanopsin knockout mice- melanopsin found in retina regulates the light dark cycles, cycles of sleep, eating. |
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Gene replacement techniques |
transgenic micce-- mice that contain the genetic material of other species. Eg. schizophrenia gene injected into mice. |
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Green Fluorescent protein GFP |
Protein that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue light
Brainbow-- each neutron labeled with a different colour |
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Single Test Approach |
differentiate between patients with psychological problems from structural brain damage and those problems from functional brain damage -no single test is sensitive to all complex psychological syptoms |
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Standardized Test Battery Approach |
-identify brain damaged patients- used sets of tests rather than a single test. Eg. Halstead Reitan Neuropsych Test batter- tend to be performed poorly by brain damaged patients. Test scores added together to get one. -bad at discriminating between neurological patients and psychiatric patients |
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Customized Test Battery Approach |
First- common battery of tests to provide indication of general symptoms then- customized tests to each patient to characterize the general symptoms |
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Intelligence (WAIS) |
WAIS-1st test bc helps to know patients IQ to interpret results of other tests EG. low scores on subtests of verbal ability -- associated with right hem damage |
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Weakness of WAIS |
it fails to detect memory deficits Digit span (short term mem) and information subtests- among least likely to be disrupted by brain, ppl with seriously disturbed memories often show no deficits on either. |
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Language (TT) |
Token test-- screening for language related deficits Eg. Touch a red square Touch the small, red circle and then the large green square |
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Language Lateralization- Which hem is dom for language (SA & DL) |
Sodium amytal test- anesthetize one hemisphere and leaves the other hem unaffected. Tests given for each side to determine which is dom Dichotic listening test- digits presented and asked to recall them, ear contralateral to dom hem shows superior hearing |
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Frontal Lobe Function (WCST) |
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test- sensitive to frontal lobe damage. Card with diff colours, shape, form. Must sort by category but don't know which category you're sorting by. Told right or wrong. Damaged front lobe-- have difficulty learning and remember previous sorting principle.(Perseveration) |
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Behavioural Research Methods of Biopsychology Neuropsych Testing |
-Time Consuming-only conducted on small portion of those with brain damage - assists in diagnosing neural disorders - serves as a basis for counseling/ caring -provides info on effectiveness and side effects of treatment |
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Cognitive neuroscience 2 ASSUMPTIONS
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1. each complex cog process results from the combined activity of simple cognitive processes (constituent cognitive processes) 2. each complex cognitive process is mediated by neural activity in a particular area of the brain |
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Cog Neuroscience Goal PIST |
Goal- identify the parts of the brain that mediate various constituent cognitive processes
Paired-image subtraction technique-- compares PET or fMRI images during several different cognitive tasks |
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Behavioural Paradigms |
- procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioural phenomenon -assessment of species- common behaviours -traditional conditioning paradigms -seminatural animal learning paradigms |
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Assessment of Species- Common behaviours 1.OFT 2.CIP 3.EPM 4.SB |
-assessment of behaviours displayed by all members of a species
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1. Open Field test
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-general activity -subject placed in large chamber -normal to count number of droppings made by animal Fearful rates highly THigmotaxic- rarely venture away from walls of chamber rarely engage in grooming |
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2. Colony- Intruder Paradigm
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Tests of aggressive/defensive behaviour - behaviours of dominant male are considered aggressive, the intruder- defensive. |
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3. Elevated plus maze |
-Test of defensiveness commonly used to study rats -- the anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) effects of drugs. -anxiety measured= the proportion of time rats spend in the protected closed arms rather than on the exposed arms of maze |
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4. Tests of sexual behaviour |
-Receptive female lordosis -lordosis quotient=lordosis/ mounts (proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis) Measures of male sexual behaviour - # of mounts to intromission -# intromissions to ejaculation - interval between ejaculation and next mount |
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Pavlovian Conditioning
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-initially neutral stimulus called conditional stimulus (tone or light) with an unconditional stimulus ( meat powder)- stimulus that elicits an unconditional response (salivation) - result: the conditional stimulus can eventually elicit the response alone. |
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Operant Conditioning
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-Reinforcement -Punishment |
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Self Stimulation (most widely used paradigm) |
-animal presses lever to deliver stimulation to particular site in brain -parts that support self stimulation is called-- pleasure centres |
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Seminatural learning paradigms 1. CTA 2. RAM 3. MWM 4.CDB |
-mimic situations that an animal might encounter in natural enviro |
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1.Conditioned Taste Aversion |
-pair emetic (nausea inducing drug) with unfamiliar food. Rats learn to avoid the taste -Challenged view that anima conditioning is a gradual step by step process. taste aversion can be done in one step -animals appear to associate tastes and illness |
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2.Radial Arm Maze |
-tests spatial abilities of rats -to find food on their own. -after days of experience rats rarely visit unabated arms and rarely visit baited arms more than once |
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4, Morris water maze |
- Tests spatial abilities - rat must find hidden platform in an opaque pool -useful for assessing navigational skills of brain lesioned or drugged animals |
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5. Conditioned defensive burying |
- Following a single aversive stimulus (shock, air blast) delivered from an object, rats will spray bedding at the object -anti-anxiety drugs decrease the amount of burying behavior - the paradigm used to study the neurochemistry of anxiety |
