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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the independent variable in the following research question? "Is there a relationship between study habits and grades in high school?"
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Study Habits
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Which of the following is not a section of a research article?
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Protection of human subjects
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What is a general purpose of quantitative research?
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To demonstrate a causal-and-effect relationship
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Which is NOT a characteristic of good science?
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Informed consent
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Research is based on which of the following philosophical foundations?
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Empiricism
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What is the dependent variable in the following research question: "Does ABA therapy increase the vocabulary that children with autism use during free play activities?"
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Vocabulary
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A definition that provides specific description necessary to objectively measure a variable
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Operational definition
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Which type of variable can be/is manipulated by the researcher?
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Independent variable
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT necessary for a dependent variable?
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Socially acceptable
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The role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to:
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Assess the level of risk of a research study
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Which reasoning process starts with a search of the literature?
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Deductive reasoning
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An initial step in a qualitative research study is to:
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Collect different types of data
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What should be reported in the METHOD section of a research report?
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The participants and procedures of the study
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Steps in the process of evidence-based practice include all of the following EXCEPT:
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Manipulating the covariate variables
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What are the TWO types of replication?
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Systematic and Direct
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Qualitative researchers collect data before consulting the literature
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True
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Qualitative researchers do not need to collect data objectively
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True
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Quantitative researchers summarize data as themes and categories
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False
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Quantitative researchers start with the literature
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True
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Both qualitative and quantitative researchers simplify phenomena
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False
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Qualitative and quantitative research differ in their purposes
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True
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Qualitative researchers are concerned with generalizability
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False
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Quantitative researchers use statistical analysis
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True
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Quantitative researchers purposefully select samples
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False
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Qualitative researchers develop research questions after collecting data
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True
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Which of the following statements best describes the concept of validity?
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The degree to which a measure is what it purports to be
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Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability?
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Lateral Centrality
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Steven's obtained score on the depression scale was 120. This score consists of which two following components.
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True score and Error
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Which of the following is NOT a method used to report criterion validity?
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Eigenvalues
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Which two types of reliability are related to observational studies (those using direct observation to collect data)?
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Inter-observer and Intra-observer
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What is the minimum number of observers needed to assess intra-observer reliability?
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1
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Which of the following statements best describes the concept of internal validity?
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The degree to which the study's results are trustworthy.
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Which of the two following factors exert the most influence on intra-observer reliability?
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The amount of time between the observations and the elasticity of the phenomenon (how much the observable behavior naturally fluctuates)
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Which of the following is NOT a type of validity?
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Dynamic
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Which type of validity is subjective?
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Content
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Reliability, in general, is related to the consistency of measurement.
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True
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The three main types of validity are content, construct, and factorial validity.
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False
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Trait error refers to temporary characteristics that impact measurement.
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True
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Inter-observer reliability is the consistency of scores from two or more observers.
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True
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Difference scores are used to evaluate the magnitude of disagreement between observers.
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True
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Content validity is established through objective methods
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False
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Unit-by-unit agreement is a more rigorous approach compared to overall agreement
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True
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Divergent validity refers to when two groups score differently on a test (when theory would tell us that they would score differently)
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False
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There is only one way to report inter-observer reliability, Cohen's Kappa.
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False
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It is likely that given poor content validity, construct validity for an assessment would also be poor.
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True
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Single-Case Research
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-Single Participant (but can be more than one)
-Purposeful selection (not random) -No random assignment -Each individual is their own control in all phases -Repeated measurement |
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AB
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-Baseline -> Treatment
-1 baseline phase, 1 treatment phase, 1 demonstration effect -Need at least 3 participants to meet WWC -Threats to internal validity: selection, history, maturation, Hawthorne Effect |
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ABAB
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-2 baseline phases, 2 treatment phases, 3 demonstrations of function
-Can use just 1 participant -Threats to Internal Validity: selection, maybe history |
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Multiple Baseline
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-Multiple AB series for the multiple cases/settings, introduction of intervention is staggered across time
-3 or more demonstrations of functional relationship -Need at least three participants but four are recommended due to attrition -Threats to Internal Validity: selection and attrition -Really good for studying irreversible behaviors |
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Threats to Internal Validity
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History (extraneous factors)
Maturation (natural development) Selection (random or purposeful) Testing (pre-test or post-test) |
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Counterfactual
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Level of outcome in the absence of treatment
-Baseline phase demonstrates it in single-case -Documents the pattern of behavior in need of change and allowing comparison with a new pattern following intervention |
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Visual Analysis
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Level - mean for phase (flat line)
Trend - slope of best-fitting line (oblique) Variability - fluctuation around mean (range lines) |
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Which of the following best describes HISTORY as a threat to internal validity?
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Something other than the intervention happened to the participant and that 'something else' caused the change in the outcome.
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Which of the following is NOT assessed in visual analysis?
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True Score
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What serves as the counterfactual in single-case research designs?
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Baseline Phase
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How many baseline phases are used in an AB design?
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One
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How many opportunities to demonstrate the treatment effect does an ABAB design offer?
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Three
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ABAB and multiple-baseline designs are both robust to most threats to internal validity. Why would a researcher decide to use a multiple-baseline design rather than an ABAB design?
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The researcher is studying behavior that cannot be 'reversed' (eg learning phonemes)
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Which of the following is NOT a standard put forth by WWC?
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Designs should include at least 3 participants
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Which definition most closely matches the concept of LEVEL in visual analysis?
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The mean of each phase
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Single-case studies always use only one participant
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False
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Single-case research designs allow for strong causal inferences
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True
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Experimental control means that the intervention is delivered by the researchers
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False
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Single-case research designs are experimental
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True
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There is no counterfactual in single-case research designs because there is only one participant
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False
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Types of sampling methods include all of the following except:
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Sporadic
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Which of the following statements best describes the concept of random sampling?
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Each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample.
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What is the biggest weakness of the counterfactual comparison in causal-comparative designs?
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The treatment and control groups might not be equivalent.
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How often is random sampling used in research studies?
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Rarely
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Random assignment is closely associated with which of the following research designs?
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True Experiment Designs
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What is the most salient advantage of using random assignment (within a true experiment)?
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It creates equivalent groups on all variables
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What type of sampling method is most common?
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Convenience
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In a true experiment, how do we know if a treatment effect exists?
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The post-test means for the treatment group and control group will differ
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What is one major reason that researchers would use a quasi-experiment rather than a true experiment?
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The researchers cannot randomly assign participants to different conditions
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What is the counterfactual in single-group designs?
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Mean of pre-test scores
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Which step in a true experiment comes directly after selecting a sample?
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Randomly assigning participants to conditions (eg treatment or control)
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Which of the following is NOT a threat to internal validity of single-group designs?
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Compensatory rival of the control group
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What is another name for causal-comparative designs?
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Non-equivalent control group design
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Why would we want to collect pre-test in addition to post-test data for a causal-comparative design study?
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To test the equivalence of our groups prior to the intervention
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True experiments represent a higher level of evidence compared to quasi-experiments.
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True
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Causal-Comparative studies typically involve a naturally occurring independent variable.
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True
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Maturation is a threat to the internal validity of true experiments.
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False
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Random sampling is most closely related to external validity (generalization).
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True
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