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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Key differences between qualitative and quantitative research(5)
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Qual.
Rely on observation Variety of data collection methods Researcher collects data personally Observing participants in naturalistic environments Relatively small sample Quan. Rely on numerical data Surveys to collect data Self-report data Experimenting in a controlled environment Relatively large sample |
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The Scientific Method (6)
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Start with an interesting question
Create initial H/RQ Previous research suggests… Formalize the H/RQ Conduct the observation, measurement, or experiment Analyze and interpret the data |
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Qualitative research characteristics
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Empirical
Verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment Conclusions are based on evidence (data) Inductive Reasoning Specific data lead to General conclusions Attempts to identify/explain a Phenomenon A repeated occurrence, circumstance, or fact that is perceptible by the senses Looking for patterns of behavior What are the “norms” Allows participants’ voices to be heard Participant quotes support researcher interpretations Observations lead to explanations Reporting – what happened Interpreting – why it happened |
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Empirical research
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Verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment
Conclusions are based on evidence (data) |
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Reasons for conducting qualitative research
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To identify and understand:
The influence of a specific environment on human behavior How specific groups of people create meaning Specific behaviors in which people engage |
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Inductive Reasoning vs. Deductive Reasoning
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Inductive Reasoning
Specific data lead to General conclusions Deductive: Taking general conclusions and applying them to a specific instane |
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Phenomenon
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A repeated occurence, circumstance, or fact that s perceptible by the senses
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Bias
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Bias
A tendency or inclination that prevents unprejudiced consideration |
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Reactivity Bias
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Influence of the researcher on the setting and participants
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Selection Bias
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Specific data stand out to the researcher
Focusing on novel or expected behavior |
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Unique Findings
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Findings that are not typical.
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Data Triangulation
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Using more than one method of Qualitative(!!!) data collection
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Interdisciplinary trinagulation
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Researchers from different disciplines working together
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Triangulation
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Using multiple sources of information to validate your findings.
There are several different types of triangulation |
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Investigator Triangulation
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multiple researchers collecting and analyzing data
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Methodological triangulation
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collecting both qualitiative and quantitative data in the same study
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Conceptual definition
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the definition of a variable in a given study
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Purpose statement
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explanation of what idea or goal duided data collection/analysis and why the research is necessary
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Complete participant
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researcher interacts with participants. they are not aware of intent
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Participant-as-observer
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researcher interacts with participants, they are aware of intent.
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Observer-as-participant
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Researcher does not interact with participants. This is a "passive" observation.
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Sampling techniques (8)
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Nonprobability Sampling
-Convenience -Volunteer -Snowball -Network -Purposive -Quota -Criterion -Random Purposive Sampling |
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Saturation
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The data starts to repeat. You have not observed or "learned" anything new for some time.
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Field Study
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View a phenomenon or group of people in a natural setting
-observer as participant/participant as observer) Can Study people/phenomena that would normally not volunteer or consent to study |
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Field Notes
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Read through immediately after every data collection session
take more notes than you need |
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Semi-Structured Interview Format
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Core questions are asked of all participants
-Open ended questions Probing questions added as necessary to gain deeper insight |
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Probing questions
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extemporaneous responses to gain more detail
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Focus Group
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Small group selected to discuss a particular topic or issue so others can understand why and how they respond the way they do
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Narrative approach
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people tell stories as a way of knowing, understanding and explaining their lives.
-an unstructured monologue from participant. |
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Ethnography
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holistic description of interactants in their cultural or co-cultural group.
researcher is immersed in the field for long periods of time. -complete participant |
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Reflexive nature of data collection and analysis
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occurs DURING the data collection process
-less formal |
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Reflexive Analysis vs. Formal Analysis
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Formal analysis occurs after data collection is OFFICIALLY CONCLUDED (saturation)
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Analysis vs. Interpretation
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Analysis
Breaking down raw data to find "norms" or patterns Interpretation Making sense of the patterns with logical assumptions. |
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Coding data
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Reducing data down to "essential elements"
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Categorizing data
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Broad titles that group similar pieces of coded data together
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Grounded theory approach and steps
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A systematic approach of coding and categorizing data that leads to conclusions
Based on many readings of database First pass Second pass (open coding) --Highlighting essential elements Third pass (axial coding) --Developing preliminary categories Fourth pass and beyond (selective coding) --Refining and creating new categories |
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Respondent validation
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Allowing participants to verify the accuracy of your interpretations
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Primary Sections of a Qualitative Research Report
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Introduction/Review of Literature
Method Results & Discussion Conclusion |
