Research Methods - Chapter 1 & 2

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DATA

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A PARTICULAR MEASURED VALUE OF A VARIABLE

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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

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A VARIABLE THAT WHEN IT IS MANIPULATED CAUSES AN EFFECT OR CHANGE ON A DEPENDENT VARIABLE

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DEPENDENT VARIABLE

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A VARIABLE THAT IS EXPECTED TO BE AFFECTED BY A MANIPULATION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

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ANALOGY

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A COMPARISON OF TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF THING IN ORDER TO DETECT THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THEM

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HISTORICAL

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TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN THAT AIMS AT A SYSTEMATIC AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF EVIDENCE IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH FACTS AND DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PAST EVENTS

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DESCRIPTIVE

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TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN THAT RELIES ON OBSERVATION AS A MEANS OF COLLECTING DATA. ATTEMPTS TO EXAMINE SITUATIONS IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH WHAT IS THE NORM

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CORRELATION

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RESEARCH DESIGN USED TO EXAMINE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO CONCEPTS

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COMPARATIVE

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RESEARCH DESIGN USED TO COMPARE PAST AND PRESENT OR DIFFERENT PARALLEL SITUATIONS, PARTICULARLY WHEN THE RESEARCHER HAS NO CONTROL OVER EVENTS

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EXPERIMENTAL

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RESEARCH DESIGN THAT IS EXPERIMENTAL AND ATTEMPTS TO ISOLATE AND CONTROL EVERY RELEVANT CONDITION WHICH DETERMINES THE EVENTS INVESTIGATED AND THEN OBSERVES THE EFFECTS WHEN THE CONDITIONS ARE MANIPULATED

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SIMULATION

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RESEARCH DESIGN THAT INVOLVES DEVISING A REPRESENTATION IN A SMALL AND SIMPLIFIED FORM (MODEL) OF A SYSTEM, WHICH CAN BE MANIPULATED TO GAUGE EFFECTS

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EVALUATION

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TYPE OF RESEARCH METHOD THAT IS DESCRIPTIVE AND IS SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO DEAL WITH COMPLEX SOCIAL ISSUES. MOVES BEYOND 'JUST GETTING TO THE FACTS', TRIES TO MAKE SENSE OF ALL ELEMENTS INVOLVED (SOCIAL, POLITICAL, CULTURAL ETC)

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ACTION

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RESEARCH DESIGN THAT IS ESSENTIALLY "ON THE SPOT", TYPICALLY DESIGNED TO DEAL WITH A SPECIFIC PROBLEM FOUND IN A PARTICULAR SITUATION

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ETHNOLOGICAL

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RESEARCH DESIGN THAT FOCUSES ON PEOPLE. INTERESTED IN HOW THE SUBJECTS OF THE RESEARCH INTERPRET THEIR OWN BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN IMPOSING A THEORY FROM OUTSIDE

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FEMINIST

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RESEARCH DESIGN THAT IS MORE OF A PERSPECTIVE. INVOLVES THEORY AND ANALYSIS THAT HIGHLIGHT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN'S AND WOMEN'S LIVES

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CULTURAL

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RESEARCH DESIGN THAT IS CONCERNED WITH THE SUBJECTS OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL INTERPRETATION. ALLOWS CONSISTENT ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL TEXTS

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LOGIC

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THEORETICAL SENSE THAT HAS NO CONTRADICTION WITH ACTUAL OBSERVATION

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EMPIRICISM

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RELYING ON OUR SENSES (TASTE, TOUCH, SIGHT, SOUND, SMELL)

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OBJECTIVITY

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ABILITY TO SEE THE WORLD AS IT REALLY IS (WITHOUT BIAS)

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CONTROL

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RESEARCHES MUST ELIMINATE SOURCE OF BIAS AND ERROR

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CYCLICAL

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND RESEARCH

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CAUSAL REASONING

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ATTEMPT TO MAKE EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATIONS

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EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATIONS

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TO EXPLAIN AND PREDICT

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CRITERIA FOR CAUSALITY

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1) ASSOCIATIONS

2) DIRECTION OF INFLUENCE

3) NONSPURIOUSNESS

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CAUSALITY

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REQUIRES AN EMPIRICAL CORRELATION BETWEEN CAUSE AND EFFECT

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IDIOGRAPHIC EXPLANATION

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A UNIQUE RECORD WHICH WE FEEL THAT WE FULLY UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES OF WHAT HAPPENED IN THIS PARTICULAR INSTANCE. TO EXPLAIN ONE CASE FULLY

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NOMOTHETIC EXPLANATION

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SEEKS TO EXPLAIN A CLASS OF SITUATIONS OR EVENTS RATHER THAN A SINGLE ONE. SETTLES FOR A PRACTICAL RATHER THAN A FULL EXPLANATION

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INDUCTIVE RESONING

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MOVES FROM THE PARTICULAR TO THE GENERAL; FROM A SET OF OBSERVATIONS TO THE DISCOVERY OF A PATTERN

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DEDUCTIVE RESONING

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FROM THE GENERAL TO THE SPECIFIC. MOVES FROM AN EXPECTED PATTERN TO OBSERVATIONS THAT TEST WHETHER THE PATTERN ACTUALLY OCCURS

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QUANTITATIVE DATA

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OFFER THE ADVANTAGES THAT NUMBERS HAVE OVER WORDS AS MEASURES OF SOME QUALITY

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QUALITATIVE DATA

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OFFER MORE VERBAL DESCRIPTIONS AND THE RICHNESS OF MEANING

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PARADIGMS

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THE FUNDAMENTAL MODELS OR FRAMES OF REFERENCE WE USE TO ORGANIZE OUR OBSERVATIONS AND REASONING

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TWO LOGICAL SYSTEMS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

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-THE TRADITIONAL MODEL OF SCIENCE

-HYPOTHESIS TESTING

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ACROSS ALL PARADIGMS THERE ARE DIFFERENT UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

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-MACRO THEORETICAL

-MICRO THEORETICAL

-THEORY

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MACRO THEORETICAL

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LARGE AGGREGATE ENTITIES

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MICRO THEORETICAL

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DEALS WITH ISSUES OF SOCIAL LIFE AT THE LEVEL OF INDIVIDUAL AND SMALL GROUPS

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THEORY

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AIMS AT EXPLAINING WHAT WE OBSERVE

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THEORY

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TO DERIVE A TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS

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OPERATIONALIZATION

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REQUIRES PRECISE DEFINITIONS OF ALL VARIABLES

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OBSERVATION

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OBJECTIVELY LOOK AT THE WAY THINGS ACTUALLY ARE

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THE TRADITIONAL MODEL OF SCIENCE

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-THEORY

-OPERATIONALIZATION

-OBSERVATION

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING

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TO DETERMINE WHETHER THEORETICAL HYPOTHESES ARE REALLY FOUND IN THE REAL WORLD; CAN USE EITHER DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE REASONING

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING WITH DEDUCTIVE REASONING

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1)CHOOSE A TOPIC

2)DO PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

3)REFLECT

4)NARROW THE SCOPE OF YOUR THEORY THEN FIND MORE RESEARCH ABOUT WHAT'S KNOWN ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG YOUR VARIABLES

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING WITH INDUCTIVE REASONING

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OBSERVES ASPECTS OF SOCIAL LIFE FIRST, THEN SEEK TO DISCOVER PATTERNS

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SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN NATURE

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-POSITIVIST

-INTERPRETEVIST

-CONFLICT

-FEMINIST

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POSITIVIST

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DETERMINISTIC, BY THE SITUATION IN WHICH THEY'RE LOCATED

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INTERPRETEVIST

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VOLUNTARY, INDIVIDUALS ARE AUTONOMOU/FREE-WILLED

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CONFLICT

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BOTH DETERMINISTIC AND VOLUNTARY: BECAUSE ECONOMY DETERMINES DEGREE ON INEQUALITY (RELATIONSHIP TO THE MEANS OF PRODUCTIONS)

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FEMINIST

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CONSTRAINED BY THEORY GENDER ROLES, SOCIALIZATION BUT CAN CHANGE THEIR LOT