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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Naturalistic Observation
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observing people in their common, natural environment
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Correlational Studies
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Investigates whether two or more variables of interest are meaningfully related.
ex) # of children and hours of sleep parents get a night |
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Correlation Coefficient
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an indication of your ability to predict someone's standing on one variable if you know their standing on the other variable
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Positive Relationship +
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the variables go in the same direction
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Negative Relationship -
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the variables go in the oppostie direction
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The Third Variable
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Just because two things occur together doesnt mean they are casually related
(another variable could explain the relationship) |
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Independent Variable
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the thing we manipulate
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Dependent Variable
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the thing we are measuring
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The Quasi Experiment
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observe the consequences of a natural event to which participants have been exposed
ex) divorce of parents and divorce later in life |
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Cross-Sectional Design
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Groups of children/individuals who differ in age are studied at the same point in time
ex) cell phone usage |
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Cohort Effect
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an effect due to a certain group of people of the same age who are exposed to similar cultural environments or historical events as they grow up
ex) when cell phones were invented |
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Longitudinal Design
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the same participants are observed repeatedly over time
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Selective Attrition
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non representative sample
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The Sequential Design
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the best choice
groups of different ages tested at a set point over time (ev 5 yrs, etc) |
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Reliability and Validity in Data
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R: consistent results over time
V: measured what you said you were measuring |
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Inferential Statistics
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we want to infer from our sample the values in the population
stat signif : p<.05 |
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When will a neuron fire
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when they get more yes than no
excitatory-inhibitory>threshold |
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Agonist
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excites, works like a NT (muscle movement)
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Antagonists
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inhibits a NT's release (botox)
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Left/Right Hemisphere of brain
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L: specialized for verbal ability
R: specialized for spatial ability |
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Lateralization
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process of the specialization of the two hemispheres
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Hindbrain
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Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla
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Limbic System
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controlling basic drives, like eating, and emotions
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Thalamus
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processes sensory info
gateway to cortex |
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Hippocampus
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important for memory
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Amygdala
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emotions
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Cerebral Cortex
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outter layer of the hemispheres and gives the brain its distinctive appearance
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Occipital Lobe
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vision
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Visual Cortex
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receives input from eyes
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Parietal Lobe
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in front of the occipital love and behind frontal love that is important for the sense of touch and the spatial layout of an environment
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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(homonculus)
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Temporal Lobe
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lower region of cerebral cortex that is important for auditory info
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Frontal Lobe
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the region at the front of the cerebral cortex concerned with planning and movement
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Prefrontal Cortex
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in the frontal lobes, important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality
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Association Areas
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integrate info from various sensory inputs with stored memories
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Corpus Callosum
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a fiber of axons that transmits info btw two hemispheres
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Peripheral Nervous System
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all nerve cells in the body that are not part of the CNS
(somatic and autonomic nervous systems) |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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regulates body;s internal environment by stimulating glands and by maintaining internal organs, such as the heart, gall bladder, and stomach
(symp vs parasymp) |
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Bogaert 2006
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homosexuals and brothers study
boys who didnt grow up in the same house as older brother still had an increased chance of being gay |
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low/high 2D:4D ratios
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low 2D:4D= high testosterone low estrogen in utero exposure
high 2D:4D= low testosterone high estrogen |
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phenotype
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directly observable characteristics
ex) hair color |
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genotype
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genetic makeup of an individual
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Dominant
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effects the characteristics shown
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Recessive
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doesnt effect the characteristics shown
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sickle cell anemia
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must get both recessive alleles
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sickle cell trait
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can have only one and still exhibit the symptoms under certain conditions
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single genes
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categorical characteristics
ex) blue eyes |
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polygenic genes
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continuous characteristics
ex) intelligence |
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passive genotype/environmental correlations
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the home environment that parents provide is in part based on their own genes
ex) professor's homes |
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Evocative genotype
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child's genetics will affect the way others behave towards them
ex) cute babies are interacted with more |
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Active genotype
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environments children prefer and seek out will be those compatible with their genetic predispositions
ex) athletic genes-->soccer |
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sensation
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how sense organs respond to external stimuli and transmit the responses to the brain
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perception
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the processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals that result in an internal representation of the stimulus
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absolute threshold
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the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before one can experience a sensation
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difference threshold
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the minimum amount of change required in order to detect a difference between intensities of stimuli
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cornea
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rigid, outter layer of eye
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lens
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flexible, thicker for closer, thinner for distant
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retina
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the thin layer surface of the back of the eyeball
contains photoreceptors that transduce light into neural signals |
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the opponent process theory
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a system of paired opposites
red-green yellow-blue white-black |
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the retinex theory
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our brains interpretation
ex) rubix cube |
