Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A type of inductive theory based on field observations. |
Grounded theory |
|
|
Intersubjective agreement |
different reseachers studying the same problem arrive at the same conclusion |
|
|
List the errors in personal human inquiry |
inaccurate observation illogical reasoning selective observation ideology & politics overgeneralization |
|
|
Ideology & Politics |
beliefs that may distort how research problems are defined |
|
|
Illogical reasoning |
no good reason or explanation for something - no rational explanation behind it
|
|
|
Overgeneralization
|
assuming that a few similar events are evidence of a pattern |
|
|
Selective observation |
paying attention to situations which support our own conclusions
|
|
|
Inaccurate observation |
failing to observe things right in front of us and mistakenly observe things that aren't so. |
|
|
Internal Validity
|
whether observed associations between two (or more) variables are, in fact, causual associations or are due to the effects of some other variable
|
|
|
External validity is concerned with: |
whether researchers from one study can be reproduced in another study, often under different conditions. |
|
|
Holds when the conclusions of a research study are founded on an adequate analysis of the data |
statistical conclusion validity |
|
|
Construct validity |
refers to generalizing from what we observe & measure to the real-world things in which we are interested |
|
|
a systematic explanation for observed facts and laws that relate to a specific aspect of life |
theory |
|
|
What is the production of knowledge based on experience or observation |
Empirical research |
|
|
Assertion must have both _______ and _______ support, it must make sense, and it must agree with actual observations |
logical and empirical |
|
|
What are the four purposes of criminal justice research?
|
Explanation Exploration Application Description |
|
|
Define Objective: |
independent of the mind; having an open mind |
|
|
What are the 4 categories of validity? |
Statistical conclusion validity Internal Validity External Validity Construct validity |
|
|
What are the 3 key aspects of overall scientific method? |
Theory Data collection Data Analysis |
|
|
What are the two pillars of social science?
|
Logic or rationality observation |
|
|
Applied research: |
stems from a need for specific facts and findings with policy implications |
|
|
Explanatory research: |
the third general purpose of criminal justice research is to explain things |
|
|
Define population |
the group from which we want to be able to draw conclusions. |
|
|
What are issues panel studies face?
|
panel attrition |
|
|
What are the 3 different kinds of longitudinal studies?
|
Panel Cohort Trent |
|
|
Data collected at a single time point |
cross sectional study |
|
|
what are the 4 units of analysis?
|
Individuals Groups Social artifacts organizations |
|
|
independent variable |
the variable presumed to cause or determine the dependent variable |
|
|
Subjective |
dependent upon the tastes and experiences of the person making the judgement |
|
|
Define Scientific Realism |
bridges idiographic and nomothetic approaches to help sort out causes and measures |
|
|
Conceptualization |
the action or process of forming new concepts or idea of something
|
|
|
Scientific Theory |
deals with the logic aspect of science
|
|
|
Two Realities The first reality is a product of our own experience. The second is a product of what people have told us |
Experiential and Agreement Reality |
|
|
Dependent Variable |
variable that assumes to depend on or is presumed to be caused by another variable |
|
|
What are the three specific criterias for causality? |
1) Two variables must vary together; and be empirically correlated.
2) The cause must come before the effect 3) The empirical correlation between cause and effect must not be due to some othe factor |
|
|
Paradigm
|
a functional perspective that organizes our view of the world. |
|
|
___________ involves the derivation of expectations or hypothesis from theories |
deduction |
|
|
In applied research, evaluation involves: |
comparing the goals of the program with the results. |
|
|
Descriptive research |
researchers and public officials observe and then describe what was observed
|
|
|
Define empirical research |
the production of knowledge based on experience and observation |
|
|
Ultimately, we live in a world of two realities. What are they? |
Experiential reality agreement reality |
|
|
Define anonymity |
When an individual is concerned anonymous a research can not link a piece of information with a person's identity.
|
|
|
Validity
|
whether statements about causes or measures are correct or false |
|
|
Define Sufficient cause |
a condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question |
|
|
Exploratory research is: |
conducted to explore a specific problem and can be simple or complex |
|
|
What is a condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question?
|
sufficient condition |
|
|
In applied research, problem analysis: |
look for patterns in data and devise appropriate responses |
|
|
Define Aggregate
|
groups of units; people; prisons, court-rooms.. |
|
|
Define Confidentiality |
When a researcher can link information with a person's identity but promises not to do so publicly
|
|
|
Data analysis |
looks for patterns in what was observed |
|
|
Reductionism |
is an overly strict limitation that strongly reflects a certain perspective or causality |
|
|
The Ecological Fallacy |
analysis of group data is used to draw conclusions about an individual |
|
|
Two types of applied research: |
evaluation problem analysis |
|
|
Cohort studies examine: |
more specific populations as they change over time Example: Age group |
|
|
Units of analysis
|
the things; what or whom being studied in a research project |
|
|
Special populations |
Groups such as juveniles and prisoners who require special protections if they are research subjects |
|
|
Define Attributes |
characteristics or qualities that describe an object such as a person |
|
|
Define ethical |
conforming to norms or standards of a group |
|
|
Data collection |
deals with the observations aspect |
|
|
Experiential reality |
the things we know from direct experience |
|
|
_________involves the development of generalizations from specific objectives |
induction |
|
|
Validity threats |
possible souces of false conclusions |
|
|
What is a condition that must be present for the effect to follow?
|
necessary cause |
|
|
Trend studies |
looks a changes in some general population over time Example: UCR |
|
|
Define necessary cause |
is a condition that must be present for the effect to follow |
|
|
Longitudinal study |
data collected at multiple time points |
|
|
What are the ethical issues typically seen in criminal justice research |
No harm to participants Deceiving subjects Voluntary participation Anonymity and Confidentiality |
|
|
Agreement reality |
the things we consider because we have been told they are real and everyone else seems to agree that they are real |
|
|
Retrospective
|
which asks people to recall their pasts, is another common way of approximating observations over time.
LOOKS BACKWARD |
|
|
Prospective Research |
study that follows subjects forward in time LOOKS FORWARD |
|
|
Panel Study
|
are similar to trend and cohort studies except that observations are made on the same set of people on two or more occasions
Example: NCVS |
|
|
idiographic |
unique experience/one time/specific case
|
|
|
nomothetic |
seeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one |
|
|
informed consent |
agreeing to participate in research after being informed about: goals, procedures, and potential risks |
|
|
Units of Analysis: Give 3 examples of "Individuals" |
police victims defendants |
|
|
Units of Analysis: Give 2 examples of "Groups" |
Juvenile Gangs Police beats |
|
|
Units of analysis: Give 3 examples of "Organizations" |
Correctional facilities State/federal prison police departments |
|
|
Units of Analysis: Give example of "Social Artificacts" |
products of social being and their behavior Example: stories about crime in newspaper, televsion, magazines |
