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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Goals of Psychology
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Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control
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What is critical thinking?
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Challenging what you see; is it really true? Conclusions are continually revised and revisited with fresh observations and re-examination of knowledge claims in light of current scientific theories.
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Two types of Research Methods:
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1) Descriptive Research Methods
2) Experimental Methods |
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What are the 4 types of descriptive research methods?
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1) Case Studies
2) Naturalistic Observation 3) Surveys 4) Correlational Studies |
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What are case studies? Example?
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The intensive examination of one person. Careful description based on repeated observations.
Ex: Freud, Sacks, Darkness Visible |
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What is naturalistic observation?
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A passive descriptive study in which observers do not change or alter ongoing behavior.
"Ecological Validity" |
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What are surveys?
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Attempts to get at knowledge through self-report. Systematic and controlled. Subjective.
Ex: Hite (Magazine) |
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What are correlational methods?
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Quantitative index of the degree to which two variables are related.
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What is a correlation?
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An association between two variables, expressed as a coefficient of association (r) which varies from +1 to -1.
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What on earth is statistical significance?
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How likely it is that something occurred due to chance. "Significant" correlations indicate predictability of variables.
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What is the directionality problem?
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A could cause B, but B could cause A. "Correlation does not indicate causation"
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What is the third-variable problem?
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C could cause A & B.
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What are the three mono-amines?
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Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine.
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What is a confound?
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Another name for a third-variable that could account for the results.
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In experimental methods, what is an independent variable (IV)?
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The variable being controlled / manipulated by the experimenter.
"Fixed by design" |
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In experimental methods, what is a dependent variable (DV)?
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What's being measured after IV is imposed.
"Free to vary" |
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What was the general point to the Rush experiment?
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To see what worked best on depressed patients: anti-depressants or cognitive therapy (or placebo).
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What were the IV's in the Rush Experiment?
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Anti-depressants, placebo, cognitive therapy.
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What was the DV in the Rush Experiment?
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How depressed the volunteers were afterwords.
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What were the results of the Rush Experiment?
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30% not depressed after taking anti-depressants.
30% not depressed after taking placebo. 60% not depressed after taking cognitive therapy. Active treatment works better than nothing. |
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What was the sample from the Rush experiment? Was this a good sampling?
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Volunteers who saw an ad for people with depression.
No, too selective. |
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What was the control group in the Rush experiment, and could it have been improved?
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Placebo.
Not a proper control group because they didn't measure time. Should have had a wait-list of people to measure time. (27% supposedly are healed with TIME) |
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What was the general point of the Davidson experiment?
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Does meditation affect how you think, your immune system? What is the mind-body relationship?
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What was the IV in the Davidson Mindfullness experiment?
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Receiving classes on meditation, yoga or not (wait-list control group).
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What was the DV in the Davidson Mindfullness experiment?
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1) Brain electrical activity
2) Immune system 3) Self-reported anxiety levels |
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What were the results of the Davidson Mindfullness experiment?
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1) Decrease in self-reported negative affect and anxiety
2) Increase in L-sided Pre-frontal cortical asymmetry (happiness associated with this section) 3) Increase in influenza vaccine antibody titers |
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What were the confounds of the Davidson Mindfullness experiment?
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Limited number of participants, results were heading towards hypothesis, placebo effect, work hours varied, Hawthorne effect.
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What is sampling bias?
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Lack of random sampling combined with low response rate affects representativeness of sample.
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What is a representative sample/random sample?
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Everyone in the population has an equal chance to participate.
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What is random assignment?
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When everyone selected has an equal chance of getting various roles in the experiment.
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What is experimenter expectancy bias?
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Systematic errors in observation that occur due to an observer's expectations.
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What are subject expectancy effects?
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Subjects actively attempt to understand research they are involved with; they develop "hypotheses" and endeavor to do their best to help experimenters; their beliefs invariably influence performance.
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