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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavioral measure
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direct observation of behaviors
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ceiling effect
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failure of measurement to detect a difference because it was too easy
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confederate
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a person posing as a participant in an experiment who is actually part of the experiment
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debriefing
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explanation of the purpose of the research that is givene to participants following their participation
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demand characteristics
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cues that inform the subject how he or she is expected to behave
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double-blind procedure
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neither experimentor or experimentee know who gets the independent variable
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electronencephalogram
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EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain
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electromyogram
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EMG measure of the electrical activity of muscles, including muscle tension
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expectancy effect, experimenter bias
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any intentional or unintentional influence the experimenter exerts on a subject
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filler items
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items included in a questionaire measure to help disguise the true purpose of the measure
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floor effect
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failure of a measure to detect a difference because it was too difficult
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functional MRI
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uses a magnet to obtain scans of structures of the brain. fMRI provides info on the amount of activity of the brain
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Galvanic skin responce
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electrical condctance of the skin which changes when sweating occurs
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manipulation check
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measure used to determine whether the manipulation of the independent variable has had its intended effect on a subject
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manipulation strength
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strong at first, you can tell the differences between the 2 goups
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Bar Graph
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uses bars to depict frequencies of responces, precentages, or means in two or more groups
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Centeral Tendency
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a single number or value that describes the typical or centeral score among a set of scores
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Correlation Coefficient
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an index of how strongly two variables are related to each other
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partial correlation
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correlation between two variables with the influence of a third variable statistically controlled for
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Descriptive Statistics
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stat measures that describe the results of a study; include measures of centeral tendency, variability, and correlation
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Effect Size
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extent to which two variables are associated. Magnitude of the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable
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Frequency Distribution
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an arrangement of a set of scores from lowest to highest that indicates the number of times each score was obtained
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Frequency Polygons
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A graphic display of a frequency distribution in wich the frequency of each score is plotted on the verticle axis, with the plotted points connected by straight lines
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Interval Scale
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a scale of measurements in which the intervals between numbers on the scale are all equal in size
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Mean
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the average of the scores
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Median
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middle score
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Mode
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most frequent
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Multiple correlation
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a correlation between one variable and a combined set of predictor variables
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Nominal scales
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a scale of measurement with two or more categories that have no numerical properties
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Ordinal scales
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measurement categories form a rank order along a continuum
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Path analysis
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used to develope models of possible relationships among a set of variables that were studied with the nonexperimental method
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Pearsons product etc..
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used with interval and ratio scale data. Provides the strength of relationships between two variables, also indicates direction of relationship
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Pie chart
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graphic display in which frequencies or percentages are presented of slices of pie
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ratio scale
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there is an absolute zero where the variable is absent
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regression equations
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math equation that allows prediction of one behavior when the score on another variable is known
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standard deviation
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the average deviation of scores from the mean
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statistical significance
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rejection of the null hypothesis when an outcome has a low probability of occurance
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structural models
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model of an expected pattern of relationship among a set of variables. The proposed pattern is based on a theory of how the variables are causually related to one another
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variability
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the amount of dispersion of scores about some centeral value
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variance
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measure of the validity og scores about a mean; the mean of the sum of squared deviations of scores from the group mean
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type I error
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incorrect decision to reject the null hypothesis
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Analysis of variance (F test)
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used to determine whether two or more means are significantly different
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type II error
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an incorrect decision to accept the null hypothesis when it is false
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degrees of freedom
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the number of observation that are free to vary to produce a known outcome
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error variance
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random variability in a set of scores that is not the result of the independent variable. Statistically the variability of each score from its group mean
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Inferential statistics
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stats designed to determine whether results based on a sample data are generalized to a population
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Null hypothesis
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variables are not related
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power
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the probibility of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis
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probability
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the likeluhood that a given event will occur
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research hypothesis
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hypothesis that is underinvestigation
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statistical significance
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rejection of the null hypothesis when an outcome has a low probability of occurance
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systematic variance
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variability in a set of scores that is the result of the independent variable; statistically , the variable of each group mean from the grand mean of all subjects
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t test
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a stat sig test used to compare differences between means
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