Research Methods 1

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With research...

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describe behavior
predict future behavior
evidence for cause of behavior
replications of findings

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two groups of variables use what kind of test?

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t-test

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two types of statistics...

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descriptive
inferential

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descriptive statistics...

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mean
median
mode

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Nominal

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names--> descriptive stats

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Ordinal

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rank (no t-test--> not interval) --> descriptive stats

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Interval

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ORDER= intervals --> inferential stats

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Ratio

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real "0" (test scores or temp)

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Spearman & Pearson

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came up with ordinal correlation

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T-test..

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1 IV
2 levels

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ANOVA

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1 IV
3 or more levels

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Ftest

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named after Dr. Fisher-> the ratio of between group variation and within-group or error variation

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IV

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manipulated and controlled to determine the case of something

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DV

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data(ratio)--? measurement of behavior

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emperical obseravtion

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definable and replicable

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PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
physical

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(standards, instruments)

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precise

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right type of measurement

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accurate

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true measure

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PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
psychological

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agreements between several observations

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validity

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the truthfulness--> measure what its supposed to measure

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Good internal validity...

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just IV

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external validity

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the extent to which the results can be generalized under any. population, setting, & condition

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stronger internal validity= less external validity

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need a balance of confounding variables in order to generalize

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reliability

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consistency

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hypothesis can't be tested if...

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isnt defined properly
circular
based on ideas NOT recognized by science

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internal validty

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allows cause and effect to be interpretable

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reliable experiment

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same results are expected when study is replicated

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sensitive experiment

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likely to detect effects of IV when they're small

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Casual inference

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need a lot of control
covariation of events
time ordered relationship
elimination of all plausible alternative variables

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covariation of events..

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IV & DV change at same time

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time ordered relationship

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time before effect--> IV before DV

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elimination of all plausible alternative variables

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[effects internal validity]
manipulation
holding conditions constant
balancing

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Manipulation

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if IV is only factor that diffrentiates group--> hurts external validity

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Holding conditions constant...

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controlling for all compounding variables

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Balancing

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[used most often] dont manipulate or hold constant but balance effects of compounding variables occurs the levels of the IV

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Designs

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Individual group design
within subject design

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Within Subject Design

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[aka repeated measure]
each sbject gets all levels of IV
ex. ridlin studies

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Individual group design

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each group represents a different level or condition of the IV

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INDIVIDUAL GROUP DESIGNS...

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Natural
Match group
Random

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Natural group design

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levels of IV are determined naturally occurring IV
ex. females & females- not as strong as a design

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Match Group Design

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happens when area is to small to manipulate [random]

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Random group design

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most common- best-randomly putting people in groups

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random group design...

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random selection
random assignment

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random selection

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drawing 2 or more random samples from a populations- has really good internal and external validity- rarely used

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random assignment

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most common technique-easiest to use. randomly putting people in a group. (random numbers table)

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Expectancy Effect

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can occur when observers are aware of hypothesis for the outcome of the study or the outcome of previous studies.

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Expectancy Effect

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can occur when observers are aware of hypothesis for the outcome of the study or the outcome of previous studies.

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Expectancy Effect

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can occur when observers are aware of hypothesis for the outcome of the study or the outcome of previous studies.

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Reactivity

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influence that an observer has on the behavior under observation

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operational definition

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procedure whereby a concept is defined solely in terms of the observable procedures used to produce and measure it.

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Confounding variables

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occurs when the independent variable of interest systematically covaries with a second, unintended independent variable

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Theory

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logically organized set of of propositions that serves to define events, describe relationships among events, and explain the occurance of these events; scientific theories guide research & organize empirical knowledge

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Selection bias

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occurs when the procedures used to select the sample in the sample result in the overrepresentation of some segment of the population or conversly, in the exclusion of underrepresentation of a significant segment.

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Types of sampling

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time sampling
situation sampling

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Time sampling

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refers to researchers choosing time intervals for making observations either systematically or randomly

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Situation Sampling

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involves studying behavior in diff locations under diff circumstances and conditions

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Observational Methods

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with intervention
without intervention

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observation w/o intervention

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naturalistic observation- describe behavior as it ordinarily occurs and to investigate the relationship among variables that are present

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observation w/ intervention

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participant observation
structured observation
field experiment

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Rule of Parsimony

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when the simplest of alternative explanations is accepted.

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Field Experiment

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one or more ind. variables is manipulated by an observer in a natural setting to determine the effect on behavior.

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Rosenhan's experiment

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The study concluded, "It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals" and also illustrated the dangers of dehumanization and labeling in psychiatric institutions. It suggested that the use of community mental health facilities which concentrated on specific problems and behaviors rather than psychiatric labels might be a solution and recommended education to make psychiatric workers more aware of the social psychology of their facilities.

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Type 1 error

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say null hypothesis false but really true

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type 2 error

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failing to reject null hypothesis

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power of test

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type 2 error

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effect power

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level of sig.
size of treatment
sample size