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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the most commonly used method of selecting a probablity sample?
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Simple random sampling(SRS)
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How many ways are there of selecting a random sample? What are they?
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Two ways.
* sampling w/o replacement *sampling with replacement |
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What is the basic definition of randomisation?
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Each element has an equal and independent chance of selection.
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How many commonly used types of random sampling design are there?
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There are three:
Simple random sampling (SRS); Stratified random sampling; Cluster sampling. |
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Name the methods used for the procedure of slecting a simple random sample.
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Fishbowl draw; table of random numbers; or a computer program.
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You can achieve greater accuracy in your [Stratified random sampling] estimate if...
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the heterogeneity in the population can be reduced.
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It is important that the characteristics chosen as the basis of stratification are __________ in the study population.
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clearly identifiable
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How many types of stratified sampling are there?
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Two:
* proportionate; and * disproportionate |
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This method does not take the size of the stratum into consideration in the selection of the sample.
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Disproportionate Stratified Sampling
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As the sample selected is in proportion to the size of each stratum in the population, this method is called ______________.
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Proportionate Stratified Sampling
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Simple random and stratified sampling techniques are based on a researcher's ability to...
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identify each element in a population.
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When the population is large, and it becomes difficult and expensive to identify each sampling unit, the use of ________ sampling is more appropriate.
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cluster
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_______ sampling is based on the ability of the researcher to divide the sampling population into groups, and then to select elements within each group, using the ________ techinque.
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Cluster.
SRS. |
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Clusters can be formed on the basis of ________ or a _______ that has a correlation with the main variable of study (as in stratified sampling).
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geographical proximity
common characteristic |
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What are the different stages of clustering?
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single, double, or multi
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__________ sampling designs are used when the number of elements in a population is either unknown or cannot be individually identified.
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Non-probability
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How many non-random/probability designs (aka non-random designs) are there? What are they?
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Four -
* quota sampling * accidental sampling * judgemental or purpose sampling; and * snowball sampling |
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Where are non-random/probablity designs commonly used?
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Qualitative and quantitative research.
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What is the main consideration directing quota sampling?
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The researcher's ease of access to the sample population.
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A researcher looking for convenience (e.g.,as in location), and specific visual characteristics would most likely use which sampling method?
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Quota
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What are the advantages of Quota Sampling?
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It is the least expensive way of selecting a sample; you do not need any information, such as sampling frame, the total number of elements, their location, or other information about the sampling population; and it guarantees the inclusion of the type of people you need.
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What are the disadvantages of Quota Sampling?
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1) As the resulting sample is not a probability one, the findings cannot be generalized to the total sampling population; and
2) The most accessible individuals might have characteristics that are unique to them and hence might not be truly representative of the total sampling population. |
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Which sampling method attempts to include people possessing an obvious/visible characteristic?
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Quota Sampling
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Which sampling method guarantees the inclusion of the type of people that you need?
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Quota Sampling
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Which type of sampling is common among market research and newspaper reporters?
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Accidental Sampling
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Like quota sampling, _______ sampling is also based upon convenience in accessing the sampling population.
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accidental
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Accidental sampling makes no attempt to include...
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people possessing an obvious/visible characteristic.
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Which sampling method has more or less the same advantages and disadvantages as quota sampling?
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Accidental Sampling
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In accidental sampling, you are not guided by...
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any obvious characteristics.
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Since you are not guided by any obvious characteristics in accidental sampling, some people contacted may...
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not have the required information.
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In this type of sampling, the researcher only goes to those people who in her/his opinion are likely to have the required information and be willing to share it.
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Judgemental or Purposive Sampling
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The primary consideration in purposive sampling is the ______ of the researcher as to who can provide the best information to achieve the objectives of the study.
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judgment
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This type of sampling is extremely useful when you want to construct a historical reality, describe a phenomenon or develop something about which only a little is known.
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Judgemental or Purposive Sampling
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______ sampling is the process of selecting a sample using networks.
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Snowball
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This sampling technique is useful if you know little about the group or organization you wish to study, as you only need to make contact with a few individuals, who can then direct you to the other members of the group.
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Snowball Sampling
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This method of selecting a sample is useful for studying communication patterns, decision making or diffusion of knowledge within a group.
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Snowball Sampling
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A drawback of this sampling technique is that the choice of the entire sample rests upon the choice of individuals at the first stage.
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Snowball Sampling
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It is difficult to use this technique when the sample becomes fairly large.
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Snowball Sampling
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The study in this sampling technique may become biased if the choice of individuals to be sampled belong to a particular faction or have strong biases.
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Snowball Sampling
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This sampling design has been classified under the 'mixed sampling' category because it has the characteristics of both ______ and ______ sampling designs.
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Systematic.
random and non-random |
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In this sampling design, the sampling frame is first divided into a number of segments, called intervals.
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Systematic/'mixed' sampling design.
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The selection of subsequent elements from other intervals is dependent upon the order of the elements selected in the first interval. Which sampling design is this?
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Systematic/'mixed' sampling design
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To select a random sample one must have a ________.
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sampling frame
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True or False: Sometimes it is impossible to have a sampling frame, or obtaining one becomes too expensive.
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True
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When using the systematic sampling technique, the first step is to...
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determine the width of the interval.
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Your _________ is the main determinant of the level of accuracy required in the results.
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purpose in undertaking research
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In practice, what determines the size of your sample?
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Your budget.
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Sampling, in a way, is a trade-off between ____ and ____.
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accuracy and resources
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Through sampling you _______ about the information of interest.
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make an estimate
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True or False: Through sampling, you don't find the true population mean?
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True
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Sampling is guided by how many principles?
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Three
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Sampling designs can be classified as _______, _______, and _______.
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random/proability sampling designs, nonrandom/probability sampling designs, and 'mixed' sampling designs.
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For a sample to be called a random sample, each element in the study population must have...
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an equal and independent chance of selection.
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What three random designs were discussed in Kumar's book?
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Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Sampling |
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What are three commonly used methods of selecting a probability sample?
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Fishbowl Technique
Table of Random Numbers Specifically Designed Computer Programs |
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Systematic sampling is classified under the _____ category.
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'mixed'
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Systematic sampling has the properties of both ______ and ______ sampling designs. Because of this, it is classified under the ____ category.
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proability and non-probability.
'mixed' |
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It is the least expensive way of selecting a sample.
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Quota
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In this sampling method, you do not need any information such as sampling frame, the total number of elements, their location, or other information about the sampling population.
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Quota
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Qualitative and quantitative research are commonly used by _______ designs.
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non-random
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Snowball sampling is not very effective with _____ samples.
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large
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A researcher applying Judgemental/Purposive sampling uses people who...
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are likely to have the required information and are willing to share.
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Sampling with replacement and sampling w/o replacement are two ways of...
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selecting a random sample.
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Random, non-random, and mixed are three ways...
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sampling designs can be classified.
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Geographical proximity and common characteristics are two properties usually applied to ________ sampling.
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cluster
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By reducing _______, you can achieve greater accuracy in your stratified random sample estimate.
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heterogeneity
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Non-probability sampling designs are used when...
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the number of elements in a population is either unknown or cannot be individually identified.
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Accidental sampling is commonly used by...
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market research and newspaper reporters.
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Quota sampling is great when you want to guarantee the inclusion of...
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the type of people that you need.
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Which sampling method would make no effort to include people possessing an obvious/visible characteristic?
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Accidental
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Fishbowl technique, Table of Random Numbers, and specifically designed Computer Programs are used to...
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select a probability sample.
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