Research Method T1

Front 1

Identify the most influential event that led to the HHS Policy for Protection of Human Subjects:


-Nuremberg trials
-Syphilis Study at Tuskegee
-Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
-Willowbrook Study

Back 1

Syphilis Study at Tuskegee

Front 2

What are the three ethical principles that constitute the basis for the HHS Human Subjects Regulations (45 CFR 46)?


Honesty, Trust, Respect
Informed consent, IRB review, Research Integrity
Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice
Protections for Pregnant Women, Prisoners, Children

Back 2

Benificence
Respect for persons
justice

Front 3

Which entity has regulatory authority for the protection of human subjects for PHS-funded research?


OHRP
NIH
Institutions that receive Federal funds
HHS

Back 3

OHRP

Front 4

True or False: All research that involves interaction or intervention with humans or human samples/data, whether they are alive or dead, is human subjects research.


True
False

Back 4

False

Front 5

True or False: An institutionally designated authority, other than the investigator, should determine that proposed studies are exempt from regulatory requirements.


True
False

Back 5

True

Front 6

Which of the following should be eliminated or minimized in the research design?


Coercion
Research risks
Repeated recruitment of research participants for new protocols
All of the above

Back 6

All of the above

Front 7

When might human subjects research require investigators to obtain informed consent?


Investigators must obtain informed consent if the study involves interactions with research participants.
Investigators must obtain informed consent if the study involves interventions with research participants.
Investigators must obtain informed consent if the study involves collection of private information from or about research participants.
All of the above

Back 7

All of the above

Front 8

True or False: After informed consent for a research study is given, a research participant must complete the study.


True
False

Back 8

False

Front 9

True or False: In general, informed consent should be a process rather than a one-time event.


True
False

Back 9

true

Front 10

In order to participate in research, children must …


Provide written informed consent 1

Provide written permission
Provide assent, unless the IRB determines that they are too young

Sign, or put an “X” on the assent document

Back 10

Provide written permission
Provide assent, unless the IRB determines that they are too young

Front 11

For research involving pregnant women, participation requires ...


That women have completed the first trimester.
That the study be conducted first in men.
Permission of the father.
Consideration of risks and potential benefits for the fetus and the pregnant woman.

Back 11

Consideration of risks and potential benefits for the fetus and the pregnant woman.

Front 12

Why might an individual have diminished autonomy?


They are a neonate.
They are incarcerated or involuntarily confined.
They are unconscious.

All of the above.

Back 12

All of the above.

Front 13

True or False: Risks to research participants must be completely eliminated for the study to be considered ethical.


True
False

Back 13

False

Front 14

When are researchers specifically required by NIH policy to describe Data and Safety Monitoring?


For all research involving human subjects
For all research involving children as subjects in research
For all clinical trials

For all research with prisoners

Back 14

For all clinical trials

Front 15

True or False: There must be equipoise in order to justify conducting a clinical trial.


True

False

Back 15

True

Front 16

What is an appropriate method for maintaining confidentiality of private information obtained from human subjects?


Keeping data in a password-protected database
Storing images in a secured cabinet
Coding data or specimens and keeping the key to the code in a separate, locked drawer
All of the above are ways to maintain confidentiality

Back 16

All of the above are ways to maintain confidentiality

Front 17

True or False: If a researcher determines that his/her study poses no more than minimal risk as defined in 45 CFR 46, there is no need for the protocol to have IRB review and approval.


True
False

Back 17

False

Front 18

Children must be included in all NIH-supported human subjects research unless:


The researcher is not a pediatrician
Past experience has shown it is time-consuming and expensive to recruit children
There are scientific and ethical reasons to exclude them

The researcher does not possess the pediatric equipment necessary to involve children in the proposed research

Back 18

There are scientific and ethical reasons to exclude them

Front 19

True or False: For HIV antiretroviral treatment trials conducted in developing countries, the NIH expects investigators/contractors to address the provision of antiretroviral treatment to trial participants after their completion of participation in the clinical trial.


True

False

Back 19

True

Front 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding applications for NIH-funded research overseas?


It is illegal to spend NIH funds in research overseas
Research conducted overseas is subject to HHS Human Subjects Regulations (45 CFR 46) and local regulations and policies
Research conducted overseas is only subject to local regulations and policies
Research conducted overseas need not address human subjects protections

Back 20

Research conducted overseas is subject to HHS Human Subjects Regulations (45 CFR 46) and local regulations and policies

Front 21

In localities where community consent is the norm,


A family member’s consent for another individual may be sufficient, as long as community consent is given
Federal regulations preclude the conduct of PHS-funded research
Community consent to participate in the research study is sufficient and no IRB approval is required
In addition to the cultural norm, individual informed consent is required

Back 21

In addition to the cultural norm, individual informed consent is required

Front 22

Epidemiological
Cannot prove that a risk factor causes the condition or disease studied

T/F

Back 22

True

Front 23

Epidemiological
Can only show that a risk factor is correlated with a higher incidence of the disease in the population exposed to the risk factor

T/F

Back 23

True

Front 24

Incidence proportion

a- number of all individuals affected by the disease w/i a specified time.
b- incidence/time.
c- number of new individuals affected who contract a disease w/i a specified time.

Back 24

c- number of new individuals affected who contract a disease w/i a specified time.

Front 25

Incidence rate
a- number of all individuals affected by the disease w/i a specified time.
b- incidence/time.
c- number of new individuals affected who contract a disease w/i a specified time.

Back 25

b- incidence/time.

Front 26

Prevalence

a- number of all individuals affected by the disease w/i a specified time.
b- incidence/time.
c- number of new individuals affected who contract a disease w/i a specified time.

Back 26

a- number of all individuals affected by the disease w/i a specified time.

Front 27

Example of Incidence proportion

a- Measure probability of disease
b- Number of new cases/ size of population at risk x 100
c- total # of cases in the population/ the # of individuals in the population x 100
d- used to estimate how common a condition is w/i a population over a certain period time

Back 27

Number of new cases/ size of population at risk x 100

Front 28

Example of Incidence rate

a- Measure probability of disease
b- Number of new cases/ size of population at risk x 100
c- total # of cases in the population/ the # of individuals in the population x 100
d- used to estimate how common a condition is w/i a population over a certain period time

Back 28

a- Measure probability of disease

Front 29

Example of Prevalence

a- Measure probability of disease
b- Number of new cases/ size of population at risk x 100
c- total # of cases in the population/ the # of individuals in the population x 100
d- used to estimate how common a condition is w/i a population over a certain period time

Back 29

both
c- total # of cases in the population/ the # of individuals in the population x 100
d- used to estimate how common a condition is w/i a population over a certain period time

Front 30

Incidence proportion

Incidence rate (calculation)

Back 30

incidence proportion - If a population initially contains 1,000 non-diseased persons and 28 develop a condition over 2 years of observation. (28/1000 x 100)

Incidence rate - 14 cases per years b/c the incidence (28 per 1,000) is divided by the # of years (2)

Front 31

High Prevalence and High Incidence example

Back 31

If the condition takes a long time to cure, and if 22 cases were recorded in year 1, but only 6 cases were recorded in year 2, then in year one of the condition.

Front 32

Cause Interference

Back 32

a conclusion based on evidence and reasoning that an event or process brought about a certain consequence.
The use of date and biomedical and psychosocial theories in a repeatable fashion to make educated, informed assertions about which relationships are causal and how they are causal.

Front 33

1960's

Back 33

– NCA becomes the modern ACA
– National Board of Chiropractic Examiners is established (1963)
– FCER focuses money on training faculty in science and research

Front 34

1963

Back 34

– AMA states objective:
– “…The complete elimination of the chiropractic profession

Front 35

1964

Back 35

- Committee on Quackery
– Primary goal of the committee: to contain and eliminate chiropractic
– (evidence from the Wilk trial 1976)

Front 36

1967

Back 36

- Committee on Quackery established that it was unethical for a medical physician:
– To associate professionally with a chiropractor
– To make referrals to a chiropractor
– To teach a chiropractor
– To practice with a chiropractor

Front 37

1970's

Back 37

– FCER focuses money on training faculty in science and research
• Scott Haldeman, D.C., M.D., PhD.
• Reed Phillips, D.C., PhD
• John Triano, D.C., PhD

Front 38

1973

Back 38

– Chiropractic included in Medicare

Front 39

1974

Back 39

- US Office of Education recognizes the CCE Students get federal Funding to attend Chiropractic College

Front 40

1971

Back 40

- National College gets regional accreditation

Front 41

1975

Back 41

- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS) conference on spinal manipulation
– First formal interaction between chiropractors and medical physicians in an academic forum

Front 42

1976

Back 42

– Wilk et al. case
– The AMA was charged of violating the Sherman Anti-Trust act in its efforts to “contain and eliminate” the chiropractic profession

Front 43

1978

Back 43

- Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics (JMPT) was the first successful chiropractic scientific journal
JMPT has:
– Good editing methods
– Scientific contents
– Peer reviewers from outside and inside chiropractic
- Blinded peer review process

Front 44

A. Human Participant Protection Education for Research Teams
1. Identify the three fundamental ethical principles that guide ethical human subject research as identified by the Belmont report and codified by the 45CFR 46

Back 44

Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice

Front 45

2. Identify the criteria for human research as outlined by 45 CFR 46.120

Back 45

§46.120 Evaluation and disposition of applications and proposals for research to be conducted or supported by a Federal Department or Agency.
(a) The department or agency head will evaluate all applications and proposals involving human subjects submitted to the department or agency through such officers and employees of the department or agency and such experts and consultants as the department or agency head determines to be appropriate. This evaluation will take into consideration the risks to the subjects, the adequacy of protection against these risks, the potential benefits of the research to the subjects and others, and the importance of the knowledge gained or to be gained.
(b) On the basis of this evaluation, the department or agency head may approve or disapprove the application or proposal, or enter into negotiations to develop an approvable one.

Front 46

3. Define informed consent and describe the elements that should be included in an informed consent document

Back 46

Informed consent —
A legally-effective, voluntary agreement that is given by a prospective research participant following comprehension and consideration of all relevant information pertinent to the decision to participate in a study.

Front 47

The Belmont principle of respect for persons is primarily applied by requiring that all human subjects research participants provide voluntary ________ ________ to participate in research.

Back 47

informed consent

Front 48

The three fundamental aspects of informed consent are:

Back 48

Voluntariness, Comprehension, Disclosure

Front 49

Voluntariness

Back 49

Individuals’ decisions about participation in research should not be influenced by anyone involved in conducting the research: “...consent must be freely given or truly voluntary.”

Front 50

Comprehension

Back 50

Individuals must have the mental or decisional capacity to understand the information presented to them in order to make an informed decision about participation in research.

Front 51

Disclosure
HHS regulations (45 CFR 46.116(a)) require that researchers disclose:

Back 51

1. The purpose of the study
2. Any reasonably foreseeable risks to the individual
3. Potential benefits to the individual or others
4. Alternatives to the research protocol
5. The extent of confidentiality protections for the individual
6. Compensation in case of injury due to the protocol
7. Contact information for questions regarding the study, participants’ rights, and in case of injury
8. The conditions of participation, including right to refuse or withdraw without penalty

Front 52

This disclosure must be made in such a way that it provides a ________ _________the information she or he would need in order to make an informed decision.

Back 52

reasonable person

Front 53

B. Psychological

Back 53

Possible ways to protect against psychological risks include reminding participants of their right to withdraw from research or limit their participation if they become uncomfortable, providing counseling or psychological support for participants who experience distress, or thoroughly debriefing research participants after research sessions are completed.

Front 54

C. Social

Back 54

Often, minimizing social risks to participants involves protecting confidential data, including not only the data collected, but the fact of participation in the research project itself.

Front 55

Types of Risk
Because research involves risks, __________, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), and other members of the research team must take responsibility for protecting participants against the risks of participating in research. Protections vary according to the kind of risk:

Back 55

investigators

Front 56

matching

1900 Practice>>theory>>limited science>>no clinical research
1950 Science>>theory>>clinical research>>practice


2000 Theory>>science>>practice >>clinical research

Back 56

1900 Practice>>theory>>limited science>>no clinical research
1950 Theory>>science>>practice >>clinical research
2000 Science>>theory>>clinical research>>practice

Front 57

T/F
1. There were approximately 1,000 scientists in 1800
2. This grew to nearly 1,000,000 in 1900
3. And to more than 3,200,000 by 1975

Back 57

1. True
There were approximately 1,000 scientists in 1800

2. False
This grew to nearly 100,000 in 1900

3. False
And to more than 3,200,000 by 1972

Front 58

Scientific investigation was carried out in order to prove or disprove a theory

Back 58

Most involved belief systems
If discs herniated, then pain originates from the disc, Therefore, proper treatment is removal of the disc
If abnormal posture and aberrant spinal mechanics cause pain, then adjusting and postural exercises are proper treatment

Front 59

1949 – “Good intentions” from NCA Council On Education to increase research

Back 59

Assigned research projects to faculty members at chiropractic colleges

Front 60

1953 – “Good intentions” from Henry Higley, M.A., D.C. organizes NCA to:

Back 60

Create a research center
intended to collect data gathered by students observing in practitioners’ offices

Front 61

NCA’s “Good intentions” of 1949 failed

Back 61

Faculty had few skills in science and research
No training was provided
Chiropractic colleges were in a poverty state
No resources were available (equipment, labs, etc.)
Few colleges were non-profit to receive grant money

Front 62

1953 “Good intentions” fails due to:

Back 62

Poor participation from students and colleges
Lack of training
Lack of funding

Front 63

UCA
what it is
why is was created

Back 63

In 1906 The “Universal Chiropractic Association (UCA)” was created to help fight for the legalization of chiropractic
Money was needed for legal, not research, purposes
> 25,000 prosecutions of DC’s in first 30 years

Front 64

Problems with Early
Chiropractic Research

Back 64

No valid measurements
Poor methodology
Not a reproducible study
Data not published in a scientific journal

Front 65

1938 What Chiropractic is Doing (a hard bound book):

Back 65

A collection of testimonials
Published for marketing "chiropractic science“

Front 66

Problems with What Chiropractic is Doing:

Back 66

Not experimental nor sound observational studies
No outcome measures

Front 67

Lillard Marshall, D.C.

Back 67

(President and founder of the NCA) published a pamphlet:
Case series
Several hundred adolescent inmates 10-20 yrs old
Volunteer doctors provided chiropractic care

Front 68

Problems with the Pamphlet
Distributed by Lillard Marshall

Back 68

Problems with Marshall's pamphlet:
Poor study methods
No detailed records
Type of care and outcomes not described
Due to these problems, the “study” was poorly received by the government and health care community thus did not reflect well on chiropractic

Front 69

Important Date
1935

Back 69

1935 - 1961 B.J. Palmer Chiropractic Clinic:
Two divisions: a medical side for diagnosis only and a chiropractic side for diagnosis and treatment
Patients were required to go through both to fight against claims of misdiagnosis

Front 70

Problems with the B.J. Palmer
Chiropractic Clinics

Back 70

No controlled studies
Little critical thought in study design
Although a lot of data was collected, nothing was done with it
Information was not collected in a scientific way to evaluate a theory, but instead to “prove that chiropractic works”
No publication in scientific journals

Front 71

1930

Back 71

- American Chiropractic Association (ACA) and UCA combine to form the National Chiropractic Association (NCA)

Front 72

1935

Back 72

– NCA member C.O. Watkins (a Palmer graduate) proposed the creation of the Committee on Education (the forerunner of today's CCE)
He proposed that educational standards be set for the chiropractic colleges
1938 - Watkins viewed clinical research as the missing link in chiropractic's scientific development

Front 73

In 1944

Back 73

Watkins inspired the creation of the Chiropractic Research Foundation (CRF)
Today's Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research (FCER)

Front 74

Chiropractin Research Foundation - CRF’s purpose

Back 74

To receive monies for research purposes
To promote science of chiropractic
To promote infrastructure: facilities, equipment, etc.
To promote chiropractic hospitals and clinics
To gather and disseminate scientific information

Front 75

Problems with CRF

Back 75

Focused on marketing and fundraising not on research
Money went more to the colleges than research
Lack of fundraising goals and poor public relations resulted in failures (often expensive ones)

Front 76

Important Names in Research
1970s

Back 76

FCER focuses money on training faculty in science and research
Scott Haldeman, D.C., M.D., PhD.
Reed Phillips, D.C., PhD
John Triano, D.C., PhD

Front 77

NINDS

Back 77

National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS)
Conference on spinal manipulation
1975 – between Chiropractors and MDs

Front 78

1982

Back 78

JMPT received status in Index Medicus (Pub Med)
First RCT of chiropractic for any health problem
Index to chiropractic literature begun

Front 79

1987

Back 79

Judge Getzendanner orders permanent injunction against the AMA on September 25th requiring it to publish the court's judgment in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)

follow up from the Wilk trial

Front 80

1991

Back 80

– First RAND* Study published. Additional studies in 92, 94, 98
*Research ANd Development Health insurance experiment

Front 81

1994

Back 81

“Federal Guidelines for Low Back Pain” published
Association of Chiropractic Colleges holds first Educational Conference
Proceedings published in the “Journal of Chiropractic Education”

Front 82

Epidemiology DEFINITION:

Back 82

The study of what is upon the people
Epi-upon + Demos-people + logos-study of
Study of disease in a populations in order to determine – How, when, and where- they occur

Front 83

What Epidemiology Studies
CAN & CANNOT do

Back 83

Epidemiological studies:
Cannot prove that a risk factor causes the condition or disease studied
Can only show that a risk factor is correlated with a higher incidence of the disease in the population exposed to the risk factor
The higher the correlation, the more certain the association

Front 84

Example of what Epidemiology
CAN and CANNOT do

Back 84

EXAMPLE
The discovery of the link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was based on comparisons of lung cancer rates in smokers and non-smokers
This only showed a higher rate of cancer in smokers, but did not prove the link
To prove the link, controlled studies exposing animals to smoke against animals not exposed to smoke were performed

Front 85

Incidence proportion

Back 85

– number of new individuals who contract a disease within a specified time
Number of new cases/size of population at risk X 100

Front 86

Incidence rate

Back 86

– incidence/time
Measures probability of disease

Front 87

Prevalence

Back 87

- number of all individuals affected by the disease within a specified time
total number of cases in the population/ the number of individuals in the population X 100
used to estimate how common a condition is within a population over a certain period of time

Front 88

Causal Inference

Back 88

Correlation does not imply causation
A conclusion based on evidence and reasoning that an event or process brought about a certain consequence
The use of data and biomedical and psychosocial theories in a repeatable fashion to make educated, informed assertions about which relationships are causal and how they are causal

Front 89

Causal Inference
Simpler view

Back 89

Even simplest of interaction of bodies physical system are complex.
Most outcomes are caused by a chain or web consisting of many component causes
One to one relationships very rare

Front 90

Establishing a
Cause-Effect Relationship

Back 90

Temporal Precedence
Must show CAUSE happened BEFORE the EFFECT
chicken or egg?
Co-variation of the Cause and Effect
Must show that there is a relationship
Not by chance or coincidence
No Plausible Alternative Explanations

Front 91

Types of Causality

Back 91

Many Cause for the same effect
Increase in X  increase in Y
Increase in Z  increase in Y
Cause dependency on Time
Increase in X  increase in Y, after 30 minutes of exposure to X, or increase in summer but not fall
Same cause different outcomes
Increase in X  increase in Y and Z
Outcomes are effect of various interdependent causes
Different Values of V + W + X  increase in Y
Circular Causality
Increase in X <- -> increase in Y

Front 92

IMRaD

Back 92

Abstract- Summary of the research
Introduction- Importance, literature review, hypothesis
Methods- Design, sample selection, data collection
Results- Data summarized, analysis of data, tables and charts
Discussion- Conclusions supported, no exaggerations, weakness stated

Front 93

Introduction
Of an Abstract

Back 93

Discusses the importance and purpose of the research
Reviews previous related research
Demonstrates how study contributes to literature
Relates contents of study to previously published data
Defines unusual terms or words that are essential to the understanding of the paper
States hypothesis being tested

Front 94

Methods
Of an Abstract

Back 94

Subject or population used
Subject selection
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Sample size
Procedures
Outcome measures
Statistical analysis (Descriptive and analytic)

Front 95

Results
Of an Abstract

Back 95

Summarizes all pertinent data
Tables and graphs
Results of statistical analysis
Reports all research outcomes related to the stated hypothesis
Does not include any discussion or commentary

Front 96

Discussion
Of An Abstract

Back 96

Interprets data and discusses the importance of the research
Only area where author may express opinion
DOES NOT restate results
Identifies limitations to the study
Outlines need for future research

Front 97

Conclusion
Of an Abstract

Back 97

Short in length, approximately one paragraph long
Based on data presented in the study
Relates to the purpose of the study

Front 98

MEDLINE

Back 98

17 Million records
Covers broadly all areas of biomedicine
Paid for by U.S. tax dollars (approx $250 million last year) “free”
Widely available through most major database sources
Despite size, only indexes 18% of literature

Front 99

Manual, Alternative, & Natural Therapy Index System - MANTIS

Back 99

Largest index of scientific Alt. Med. Literature
Indexes ALL chiropractic and osteopathic scientific literature
Used by virtually all chiropractic colleges worldwide
280,000 articles indexed

Front 100

Types of
Indexes/Journals Discussed

Back 100

M.A.N.T.I.S. (Manual, Alternative, & Natural Therapy Index System)
Medline
EMbase
CINAHL
Biosis
Aidsline, Toxline, Cancerlit

Front 101

Types of Keyword
Searches

Back 101

Keyword search
MeSH term search

Front 102

Cons of Keyword Searches

Back 102

Keyword searches bring up ANY article with that keyword
Does not find ALL articles on a subject
Not all the articles would have been within the specific guidelines we wanted

Front 103

MeSH Terms &What Journals Use Them

Back 103

National Library of Medicine developed a restricted vocabulary for indexers to use… called MeSH for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
There are approximately 35,000 index words used
Indexes like Mantis & the nursing index CINAHL, like Medline, use these terms.

Front 104

Indexing

Back 104

Process of assigning a very uniform and restrictive vocabulary or set of words to an article.

Front 105

Terms used for
Indexing

Back 105

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Subheadings
Check Tags
Publication Types

Front 106

Boolean Arguments

Back 106

Provides powerful method of pulling from a large set of information....only the information you need.
Primarily uses “AND”, “OR” & “NOT” statements
“Sprains and strains” is not valid

Front 107

Reproducibility
Of Research

Back 107

Where –the search was conducted
When –the search was conducted
How –the search was conducted
What Mesh or keywords were used
How were the boolean arguments created
Were there any other search restrictions (e.g. language, journal, etc.)

Front 108

Hierarchy
Of Knowledge

Back 108

Experiments
Quasi-experiment
Observations
Antidotal Reports
Testimonials
Rumors/Assertions

Front 109

Qualitative Research/Design

Back 109

Method of investigation used to gain insight into people's attitudes, behaviors, value systems, concerns, motivations, aspirations, culture or lifestyles.
Used as a precursor to Quantitative research
Seeks out the ‘why’, not the ‘how’ through the analysis of Unstructured information

Front 110

Quantitative
Design

Back 110

The systematic scientific investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships.
A quantitative attribute is one that can be measured.
Expressed as a specific quantity (unit) that can be multiplied by a number.
ie. distance, mass, time, etc.

Front 111

Categories of
Quantitative Design

Back 111

1. Correlational
Uses statistical tests of association/agreement
2. Intervention/Experimental
Uses statistical tests of
difference

Front 112

Correlation
Design (define)

Back 112

Observes and Examines a number of instances and variables
Asserts whether there is a co-relationship between variables

Front 113

Correlation Designs
(Types)

Back 113

Prospective studies of agreement

Prospective studies of association

Retrospective Studies of agreement/Association

Front 114

Correlation Design
Types order of
Strongest to Weakest

Back 114

Strongest to weakest

1 Prospective studies of agreement
2 Prospective studies of association
3 Retrospective Studies of agreement/Association

Front 115

Prospective Studies
Of Agreement

Back 115

i.e. Reliability, validity studies

*Studies gathering data in the present

Front 116

Prospective Studies
Of Association

Back 116

Quantify the strength of association between two variables
(i.e. Age and BP)

Front 117

Retrospective Studies of Agreement/Association

Back 117

Use of pre-existing records for data
** Studies reviewing past records or events

Front 118

Intervention/Experimental

Back 118

Tries to prove or disprove a hypothesis with statistical analysis

Front 119

Classifications of Design

Back 119

1 Qualitative
- Observational (Pre-experimental)
2 Quantitative
- Quasi-experimental
- True Experimental