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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is research?
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systematic process of data collection and data analysis for a specific purpose
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When classified according to approach, what type of research is associated with numerical data and the use of formally stated hypotheses?
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quantitative research
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What is the major difference between true experimental research and quasi-experimental research?
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random assignment of subjects to groups
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What is the major difference between experimental research and non-experimental research?
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investigation of causation
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In a mixed-method research design, what two components are "mixed?"
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quantitative and qualitative research
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What is a research "problem?"
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one or more sentences indicating the goal, purpose, or overall direction of a study
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What are four general characteristics of a research problem?
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-implies the possibility of empirical investigation
-identifies a need for the research -provides focus -provides concise overview of research |
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What are the two major ways of stating the research problem?
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as a problem/purpose statement or as a research question
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What are the characteristics of a qualitative research problem?
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-general as opposed to specific
-open-ended as opposed to closed -evolving as opposed to static -process oriented as opposed to outcome oriented |
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What type of variable is manipulated? measured?
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independent variable; dependent variable
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What is an extraneous variable?
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affects the dependent variable but is not controlled by the researcher
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What is a hypothesis?
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a tentative statement of the expected relationship between variables
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In a research report, where is the hypothesis written?
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at the end of the review
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What is a statistical hypothesis?
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a statement of a relationship of difference that can be tested statistically
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What is a null hypothesis?
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a statement that no relationship or no difference exist when tested statistically
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What is the general purpose of a literature review?
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to relate previous research to the current problem being investigated
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What is the first recommended step in a literature review?
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review secondary sources
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What are three examples of secondary sources?
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textbooks, scholarly books, encyclopedias, handouts, yearbooks, reviews, etc.
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What is a meta-analysis?
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quantitative summary of studies investigating the same problem
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What is the statistic most often associated with meta-analysis?
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effect size
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What is the second recommended step in a literature review?
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identify key terms
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What are primary sources in a literature review?
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articles that report original research
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What is a statistical hypothesis?
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a statement of a relationship of difference that can be tested statistically
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What is the general purpose of a literature review?
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to relate previous research to the current problem being investigated
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What is the statistic most often associated with meta-analysis?
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effect size
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Is a literature review organized by topic or author?
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topic
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What four words as presented in class identify the purposes of a literature review?
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summarize, organize, criticize, and synthesize
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What term in research is defined as "the extent to which the results of a study can be reasonably extended from the sample to the population?
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generalizability
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What two words identify the key idea in random sampling?
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equal and independent
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What sampling technique calls for the selecting of subjects so that relevant subgroups in the population are guaranteed representation?
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stratified random sampling
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What sampling technique calls for the selecting of subjects by using groups that have similar characteristics and in which subjects can be found?
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cluster sampling
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What sampling technique calls for the selecting of every Kth subject from a list of the members of the population?
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systematic sampling
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What sampling techniques calls for the selection of participants based on their availability?
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convenience sampling
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What sampling technique calls for the selection of participants based on the researcher's experience and knowledge of the individuals being sampled?
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purposeful sampling
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What sampling technique calls for the selection of participants based on the exact characteristics of individuals in the sample when it is impossible to list all members of the population?
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quota sampling
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What is the greatest problem with any non-probability sampling technique?
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generalizability
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What is the term in research defined as "the difference between the "true" results and the "observed" result that can be attributed to using samples rather than populations?
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sampling error
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As a rule of thumb, what is the minimum sample size for experimental research studies?
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30(15 per group)
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As a rule of thumb, what is the minimum number of response for survey research studies?
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250
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As a rule of thumb, what is the minimum number of responses for correlational research studies?
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30
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What measurement scale refers to ordered categories, such as class rank?
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ordinal scale
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What measurement scale has an absolute zero, such as time and weight?
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ration scale
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What affective scale is the most popular in educational research?
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Likert Scale
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What test characteristic is defined as "the extend a test measures what it is supposed to measure?"
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validity
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What test characteristic is defined as "the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it is measuring?
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reliability
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What type of survey collects data from several samples at one point in time?
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cross-sectional survey
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What type of non-experimental research establishes relationships or makes predictions?
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correlational research
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What two points identify the range of a correlation coefficient?
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-1.0 to +1.0
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What non-experimental research design attempts to determine the cause for preexisting differences in groups of individuals?
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causal-comparative research
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What are the two major characteristics of experimental designs?
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manipulation of the independent variable and control of the extraneous variables
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What term in research is defined as "the researcher's efforts to remove the influence of any extraneous variable that might have an effect on the dependent variable?
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internal validity
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What is the major difference between a true experimental design and a quasi-experimental design?
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randomization of subjects
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What are the three major true experimental research designs?
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-pretest-postest control group design
-posttest only control group design -Solomon four-group comparison design |
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What are the major means of central tendency?
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mean, median, and mode
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Which measure of central is most sensitive to extreme scores?
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mean
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Which measure of variability is the difference between the highest score and the lowest score?
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range
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Which measure of variability is the average distance of the scores from the mean?
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standard deviation
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What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
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to draw inferences about a population on the basis of an estimate from a sample
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What is another term for statistical hypothesis which says there is no difference between groups or no relationship between variables?
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null hypothesis
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What term in research is defined as "the probability of being wrong in rejecting the null hypothesis?
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level of significance
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What type of error is indicated by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true?
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Type I error
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What are the three most common levels of significance used in educational research?
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.01, .05, and .001
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What inferential statistical test of significance is used to compare the means of two groups?
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t-test
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What inferential statistical test of significance is used to compare the means of three or more means?
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analysis of variance (ANOVA)
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What is abductive reasoning? |
Patterns and concepts that emerge from an examination of information or data, which in some cases may relate to available theories and in other cases may not. |
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What is inductive reasoning? |
Human reasoning that involves a process in which general rules evolve or develop from individual cases or from observation of a phenomenon. |
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What is deductive reasoning? |
Moving from a general principle to understanding a specific case. |
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Which type of reasoning is used in ETS? NI? |
Experimental-type research uses deductive reasoning and naturalistic inquiry uses inductive reasoning. |
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What are the Four Distinguishing Characteristics of the Research Traditions? |
Epistemology, Approach to reasoning, Theoretical aim, and content. |
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What are four criteria of Research? |
Logical, understandable, confirmable, and useful |
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What are the major categories of design for naturalistic inquiry? |
Endogenous, participatory action research, critical theory, phenomenology, heuristic design, ethnography (classic and new), narrative, life history, meta-analysis, grounded theory, and semiotics. |
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What are the major categories of design for experimental-type research? |
Nonexperimental, pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. |
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What is Epistemology? |
A branch of philosophy that addresses the nature of knowledge and how one comes to know. |
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What are the five characteristics of theory in naturalistic inquiry? |
Inductive and abductive processes, primarily generates theory, movement from shared experience to higher level of abstraction, assumes discovery of meaning through multiple subjective understandings, and focus on depicting complexity. |
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What is external Validity? |
Refers to the capacity to generalize findings and develop inferences from the sample to the study population stipulated in the research question. |
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What is internal validity? |
The ability if the research design to answer the research question accurately. If a design has internal validity, the investigator can state with a degree of confidence that the reported outcomes are the consequence of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependant variable and not the result of extraneous factors.
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What is an independent variable? |
In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher. |
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What is a dependent variable? |
The response that is measured |
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What is the difference between a independent variable and dependent variable? |
An independent variable is the presumed cause, whereas the dependent variable is the presumed effect. |
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What is reliability? |
The measure refers to the degree to which the measure produces consistent results when repeated. |
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What is variability? |
Simply meaning the differences among scores. If scores are similar than there is little and if scores are dissimilar, there is a high degree. |
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What is internal validity? |
says your study is measuring what it is set out to examine |
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What is external validity? |
says how useful your findings are to more than just one sample, situation, or procedure. |
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What are three Characteristics of True Experimental Design? |
Randomization, control group, and manipulation of an independent variable. |
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What are examples of Experimental Type Designs? |
Two-group randomized trial, Posttest-only design, Solomon four-group designs, factorial designs, counterbalance designs |
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What are the 3 Principles in the Belmont Report? |
1St –the importance of distinguishing the boundaries between research and practice. 2nd –is the three areas that must be addressed. Respect for persons meaning that individuals should be treated as being capable of personal choice and self-determination. Individuals whom are vulnerable, such as the person with reduced cognitive capacity, must be protected. Beneficence, specifies that research should “do no harm’ and will “maximize” benefits and “minimize possible harm” to individuals. Justice specifies that people should be treated equitably (fair). Research that poses a risk should not be conducted on vulnerable populations. 3rd- concerns the application of these general principles to research activities including the informed consent process, specifying a risk-benefit assessment and how human subjects are selected for participation in a study. |
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What Principles protect human subjects involved in Research? |
Autonomy, beneficence, and justice. |
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When do we use probability sampling? |
When the parameters of the population are known, sampling frame is used, and every member or element has an equal probability or chance of being selected for the sample. The purpose is to reduce sampling error and to increase the external validity of a study. |
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when do we use non-probability sampling? |
When the parameters of a population are not known, no sampling frame is available, and probability of selection is not known. |
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What is nominal? |
Classifying measurements into mutually exclusive categories. Distinguishing by name ex. 1= male & 2= female. Assigning them a number, but the numbers are not significant meaning 2 is not more than 1. |
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What is ordinal? |
means “order” the numerical value that assigns an order to a set of observations. Involves the ranking of phenomena. These values do have rank so one is greater than another, but they have no equal intervals between numbers.
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What is Interval? |
Shares the characteristics of nominal and ordinal but there are is equal spacing between categories. This level of measurement indicates how much categories differ. The 0 point is arbitrary (based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.) Ratio- measures represent the highest level of measurement. Includes all the previous measurements, in addition, has an absolute 0 point. |
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What are types of Measurement Scales? |
Likert-Type scale, Guttman scale, and Semantic Differential scale. |
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What is descriptive statistics? |
Procedures used to reduce large sets of observations into more compact and interpretable forms. |
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What is Inferential statistics? |
Types of statistics used to draw conclusions about population parameters, based on findings from a sample. |
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What is the difference between Descriptive & Inferential Statistics? |
Descriptive statistics basically summarizes data and inferential statistics generalizes samples. |
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What are the 5 measures of Variability? |
Range, Interquartile range, Sum of squares, Variance, and Standard deviation. |
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What is the null hypothesis? |
No difference stating there is no difference between the sample and the population. A type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations. The null hypothesis attempts to show that no variation exists between variables, or that a single variable is no different than zero. |
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What is a Type 1 error? |
“alpha error” where the researcher fails to accept the null hypothesis when it is true. Worse |
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What is a Type 2 error? |
“beta error” occurs when the null hypothesis is mistakenly accepted when it should not be. |
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What is the Mode? |
The measure of frequency. |
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What is the Median? |
The point in the scale above and below which 50% of the cases fall |
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What is the Mean? |
used with interval and ratio data, it is derived from manipulating numbers mathematically. |
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What is the confidence interval? |
the range of values that are observed in the sample that is expected to accurately reflect the population. |
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What is the confidence level?
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the degree of certainty or expected uncertainty that your confidence interval is accurate for your population. |
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What is Reflexivity? |
self-examination where the researcher evaluates their biases to determine how these may have influenced what is learned, and also how it is learned. |
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What are the five basic Principles for Writing a Proposal? |
Clarity, precision, parsimony, coherence, and attention to structure. |
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What are the major sections of an Experimental Type Report? |
Abstract, introduction, background and significance, method, results, discussion, and conclusion. |
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What are the characteristics of Case Studies? |
Flexibility, used by either experimental-type or naturalistic tradition, multiple purposes, and multiple data collection methods. |
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What is Evidence Based Practice? |
Practice in which decisions are supported by research. |
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What are 3 Processes Involved In Evaluation Practice? |
Problem and need clarification, reflexive intervention, and outcome assessment. |
