Research Exam 2

Front 1

The coefficient of variation is an attribute of a distribution. T/F

Back 1

TRUE

Front 2

 A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data. If independent samples are taken repeatedly from the same population, and a confidence interval calculated for each sample, then a certain percentage (confidence level) of the intervals will include the unknown population parameter.  T/F

Back 2

TRUE

Front 3

In an experimental design, the ______________is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. 

Back 3

Independent variable

Front 4

The experimenter is interested in determining if the value of the ______________ varies when the values of another variable are varied, and by how much. 

Back 4

Dependent variable

Front 5

In a study of how different dosages of a drug are related to the severity of symptoms of a disease, a measure of the severity of the symptoms of the disease is a _______.

Back 5

Dependent variable

Front 6

In an experimental design, the ________________ is the thing that someone actively controls/changes.

Back 6

Independent variable

Front 7

The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out your data is. T/F

Back 7

TRUE

Front 8

A population consists of an entire set of objects, observations, or scores that have something in common.  T/F

Back 8

TRUE

Front 9

The distribution of a population can be described by several parameters such as the mean and standard deviation Estimates of these parameters taken from a sample are called ______.

Back 9

statistics

Front 10

In an experimental design the dependent variable is the "presumed cause", while independent variable is the "presumed effect" of the independent variable.  T/F

Back 10

FALSE - the independent variable is the "presumed cause" while the dependent variable is the "presumed effect"

Front 11

Primary Data Is original data gathered by the health researcher directly from or about the population of interest. T/F

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

Secondary Data Is the data that has already been gathered by others that may or may not be directly from the population being assessed. T/F

Back 12

TRUE

Front 13

All the following are true about an Experimental design...

Back 13

• Random assignment of participants into control and experimental groups
• Data collected before and after intervention
• Changes in experimental group is good evidence because of increased control

Front 14

All the following are true about Non-experimental or single group design...

Back 14

• Does not use a control group
• participants not randomly assigned
• data can be collected at the beginning or end but
• cannot determine if changes are result of the intervention because of decreased control

Front 15

All the following are true about Quasi-experimental design...

Back 15

• Experimental group and control group formed by means other than random assignment
• Data collected from both before and after
• Lack of random assignment decreases control
• Changes in experimental group may support effectiveness of intervention

Front 16

Surveys are used to determine all the following...

Back 16

knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behavior

Front 17

A good survey is well constructed, tested for validity and reliability, has a high response rate and valid sample. T/F

Back 17

TRUE

Front 18

In contrast to the rater cumbersome and expensive process of bringing population samples to clinics, survey techniques can generally search more widely with less expense. T/F

Back 18

TRUE

Front 19

Steps in Designing and Completing a Survey include...

Back 19

• Determine the Objectives
• Define the Population
• Determine the Data/measurement methods
• Choose Sampling unit and size
• Determine Method of surveying people
• Construct survey to obtain the desired information using the validated items
• Collect data
• Analyze data
• Report results

Front 20

Which one of the surveys is least costly?

Back 20

mail

Front 21

Which one of the surveys is inexpensive? 

Back 21

telephone

Front 22

Which one of the surveys has a low response rate? 

Back 22

Mail (3-5%)

Front 23

Which one of the surveys is most costly? 

Back 23

In person

Front 24

Which one of the surveys has a high response rate?

Back 24

In person

Front 25

Which one of the surveys are you more likely to obtain complete information? 

Back 25

interview

Front 26

Categorical data where the order of the categories is arbitrary, would be measured by ______.

Back 26

Qualitative data/nominal data

Front 27

In what type of categorical data is there a logical ordering to the categories?

Back 27

Ordinal data

Front 28

A good example is the Likert scale that you see on many surveys:
1=Strongly disagree; 2=Disagree; 3=Neutral; 4=Agree; 5=Strongly agree.  T/F

Back 28

TRUE

Front 29

Continuous data where differences are interpretable, but where there is no "natural" zero. A good example is temperature in Fahrenheit degrees. 

Back 29

Interval scale

Front 30

What type of variables have a standard unit of measure with an absolute zero?

Back 30

Ratio scale

Front 31

Ranked the desserts in order of personal preference, from your most favorite (1), per your least favorite (4). would be an example of
1. Ice cream
2. Cookies.
3. Cake
4. Maple syrup spread on the body of the person your living with your parents don’t know about

Back 31

Ordinal level response

Front 32

The term used to represent categorical data 

Back 32

Qualitative data

Front 33

Elements of a Research Design include...

Back 33

• A statement of objectives
• Definition of data to be collected
• Methodology
• Instrumentation
• Data collection
• Data processing
• Data analysis
• Reporting

Front 34

Experimental design uses random assignment of participants to the control and experimental groups. Data are collected from both groups before and after the intervention. Because this design allows for the most control of the confounding variable, observed changes in the experimental group are the most defensible evidence of the effectiveness of an intervention. T/F

Back 34

TRUE

Front 35

"The empirical rule" also known as the "68-95-99.7 rule", refers to a distribution in a normal population and has about 68% of the values are within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% of the values are within two standard deviations and about 99.7% lie within 3 standard deviations. T/F

Back 35

TRUE

Front 36

The name given to a value that is distinctly different than the values within the normal distribution of a population is called

Back 36

Outlier

Front 37

The term to represent verbal or narrative pieces of data 

Back 37

Qualitative data

Front 38

Qualitative research is the same as anecdotal information. T/F

Back 38

FALSE - it can be categorical OR anecdotal

Front 39

Simply the average of all the items in a sample is the _____.

Back 39

mean

Front 40

Most frequently occurring value in the data set is the ____.

Back 40

mode

Front 41

The value so that roughly half of the data are smaller and roughly half of the data are larger is the _____.

Back 41

median

Front 42

In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.26, 4.41, 4.80, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the median would be ____.

Back 42

Median = middle number when put in order. If there is no middle, average the two in the middle.
Ans: 3.84

Front 43

In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.26, 4.41, 4.80, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the mode would be ____.

Back 43

Mode = most frequent number
Ans: 3.84

Front 44

In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.41, 4.26, 4.80, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the mean would be ____.

Back 44

Mean = average
Ans: 4.01

Front 45

Skewness denotes that observations are not spread symmetrically around an average value. As a result, the average and the median are different. T/F

Back 45

TRUE

Front 46

Type lI error is the error of rejecting something that should have been accepted; e.g., such as finding an innocent person guilty. T/F

Back 46

FALSE
This is Type 1 = cry wolf

Front 47

Type I error is the error of accepting something that should have been rejected; e.g., such as finding a guilty person innocent. T/F

Back 47

FALSE
This is Type 2 = didn’t know wolf was there

Front 48

Type I error is the error of accepting an alternative hypothesis (the real hypothesis of interest) when an observation is due to chance. T/F

Back 48

TRUE

Front 49

Type II error is the error of failing to accept an alternative hypothesis when you don't have adequate power. T/F

Back 49

TRUE

Front 50

The five number summary splits the data into four regions, each of which contains 25% of the data. T/F

Back 50

TRUE

Front 51

The primary goal of much research is to use information collected from a sample to try to characterize a certain population. T/F

Back 51

TRUE

Front 52

A variable is any measured characteristic or attribute that differs for different subjects. T/F

Back 52

TRUE

Front 53

Qualitative variables are measured on an ordinal, interval, or ratio scale. T/F 

Back 53

FALSE - Qualitative data is considered categorical or narrative, not real numbers.

Front 54

Qualitative research is rigorous research with explicit sampling strategies, systematic analysis of data, and a commitment to examining counter explanations. Ideally, methods should be transparent, allowing the reader to assess the validity and the extent to which results might be applicable to their own clinical practice. T/F

Back 54

TRUE

Front 55

The standard error is the estimated standard deviation of a statistic. T/F

Back 55

TRUE

Front 56

The independent variable is the "presumed cause", while dependent variable is the "presumed effect" of the independent variable.  T/F

Back 56

TRUE

Front 57

In the Principle of Causal Inference the lack of temporal ambiguity means that cause should precede effect. T/F

Back 57

TRUE

Front 58

All are true about Confidence Interval...

Back 58

• It is defined as an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter
• It is the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data
• If independent samples are taken repeatedly from the same population, and a confidence interval is calculated for each sample, then a certain percentage of the individuals will include the unknown population parameter.

Front 59

In an experimental design, the independent variable is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. T/F

Back 59

TRUE

Front 60

The dependent variable is the thing that someone actively controls/changes. T/F

Back 60

 FALSE - the dependent variable is the result of the change.

The independent variable is the thing that is changed.

Front 61

The relationship between the independent and dependent variables is called the experimental hypothesis. T/F

Back 61

TRUE

Front 62

The difference between the two groups that is not statistically significant is called ____.

Back 62

Chance

Front 63

The error of accepting an alternative hypothesis (the real hypothesis of interest) when an observation is due to chance is _____.

Back 63

Type 1 error

Front 64

The error of not rejecting a null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is the true state of nature is _____.

Back 64

Type 2 error

Front 65

All are true about the Simple experiment...

Back 65

• It is easy to maximize chances the study will be internally valid.
• Controlled situation improves power, may hurt ability to generalize to less controlled situations.
• Homogeneous participants improves power, may hurt ability to generalize to other types of participants.

Front 66

By combining random selection and random assignment, you can get to a study that is internally and externally valid. T/F

Back 66

TRUE

Front 67

Probability applies exclusively to a future event. T/F

Back 67

TRUE

Front 68

If probability is equal to 1 then that event is certain to happen and if the probability is 0 then that event will never occur. T/F

Back 68

TRUE

Front 69

The outcome of an experiment together with its respective probabilities constitutes a probability distribution.  T/F

Back 69

TRUE

Front 70

The binomial distribution presents the probabilities of various numbers of successes in trials where there are more than two possible outcomes to each trial. T/F

Back 70

FALSE- ...where there are ONLY TWO possible outcomes.

Front 71

All are true about the statement that the "binomial expansion is applicable provided that…."

Back 71

• Each trial has only two possible outcomes - success or failure.
• The outcome of each trial is independent of the outcomes of any other trial.
• The probability of success, pm, is constant from trial to trial

Front 72

All the following are true statements regarding the importance of normal distributions...

Back 72

• Critical for health determinations - healthy vs. sick
• Countless phenomenon follow the normal distribution
• Possesses certain mathematical properties that make it attractive and easy to manipulate
• Much statistical theory and methodology was developed around the assumption that certain data are distributed approximately normally
• It is the basis for the use of inferential statistics

Front 73

The importance of normal distributions is that It is the basis for the use of inferential statistics. T/F

Back 73

TRUE

Front 74

A property of the normal distribution of a population sample is that it produces a Bell-shaped curve. T/F

Back 74

TRUE

Front 75

A property of the normal distribution of a population sample is it is a theoretical distribution defined by two parameters: the mean and the standard deviation. T/F

Back 75

TRUE

Front 76

The coefficient of variation is an attribute of a distribution: its standard deviation divided by its mean that allows comparison of the variation of populations that have significantly different mean values. T/F

Back 76

TRUE

Front 77

A measure of variability, which is dependent upon every value and a set of data, is the standard deviation. T/F

Back 77

TRUE

Front 78

In a right skewed distribution...

Back 78

The mean is higher than the median.

Median is a better measure than the mean in skewedness.

Front 79

The key to this simple experiment is...

Back 79

Random assignment

Front 80

If the difference between the "treatment group", and the "no treatment group" is not larger than what would be expected by chance, then the results are inconclusive. T/F

Back 80

FALSE - you can conclude that the treatment was not effective

Front 81

A statistical test can help to determine whether or not a research finding was due to chance. When the test says the finding was statistically significant, this means that...

Back 81

The result is not due to chance

Front 82

Rejecting the Null hypothesis, when it is actually false is...

Back 82

The correct thing to do.

Front 83

Age is an appropriate independent variable for an experiment, because you can manipulate or control it. T/F

Back 83

Who knows????

FALSE if you take it that he means you can manipulate age in people

TRUE if you take it that he means you can control for age in the study