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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 types of behavioral sampling?
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Interval recording (period of time)
Event Sampling (each behavior as it occurs) Situational Sampling (behavior in a # of settings) Sequential Analysis (coding behavior sequences rather than isolated events) |
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Random selection vs random assignment
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allows investigator to generalize findings to a population
helps ensure differences b/w groups on DV are due to effects of IV - TRUE experiement |
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What are 3 factors that cause variability in an experiment?
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Independent variable (maximize by making levels of IV as different as possible)
Systematic error (extraneous variables) Random error (due to randome fluctuations in subjects) |
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How can you control systematic error?
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random assignment, homogeneous subjects (limits generalizability)
Blocking (include extraneous varaibles as additional IV) statistical control (use ANCO VA) |
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How can you minimize random error?
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make sure subjects do not become tired.
make sure environment is free of distractions |
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What is Internal validity and what causes threats to internal validity?
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allows investigator to determine if there is a causal relationship between IV and DV
when investigator can not control three sources of variability (maximize effects of IV, control effects of extraneous variables, and minimize effects of random error) |
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What are 8 extraneous variables that can threaten internal validity?
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maturation
history (occurs same time as IV is administered) testing (re-administration effects) instrumentation (changes in accuracy of measuring devices) statistical regression selection (problem when in tact groups are used) attrition/mortality interactions with selection |
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What is external validity?
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findings of the study can be generalized to other people, settings, and conditions (limited by internal validity)
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What are 4 factors that can threaten external validity?
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interaction b/w testing and treatment (i.e. pretest can sensitize)
interaction b/w selection and treatment (i.e. subjects may have characteristics that cause them to respond in paticular way) reactivity (respond b/c know are being observed) multiple tx interference (order effects) |
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What is a between-group design?
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Administer each level to a different group then compare performance.
Single (one IV w/2 or more levels) Factorial (2 or more IV) |
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What is a within-subjects design?
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All levels of IV are administered sequentially to all subjects
single-group time-series design (effects of tx are evaluated by measuring DV several times) OR Levels of IV are applied sequentially to each subject - DV is measured after each level |
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mixed designs
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combining between-groups and within-subjects
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What is a single subject design?
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each includes at least one baseline and one tx phase (subject acts as own tx control)
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What is an AB design?
Reversal designs (ABA or ABAB) Multiple baseline design |
Sinlge Baseline (A) and single Treatment (B) phase
more than one baseline and/or tx phase sequentially applying tx to either different behaviors or same subject in different settings, or same behavior in different subjects |
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________ ________ involves recording a subjects verbalizations when she has been instructed to "think aloud" while solving a complex cognitive problem.
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Protocol Analysis
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What kind of measure of behavior is useful when the target behavior has no clear beginning or end?
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Interval recording
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What is an effective technique when the behavior occurs infrequently or leaves a permanent record?
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Event Sampling
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__________ is useful for controlling extraneous variable when the number of subjects is too small to guarantee that random assignment will equalize the groups in terms of an extraneous variable.
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Matching
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What are demand characteristics?
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cues in the research setting that communicate to subjects what behaviors are expected of them.
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What is an example of a counterbalanced design?
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Latin Square design (helps to control multiple treatment interference)
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What is multiple treatment interference?
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threatens a study's external validity when more than one level of the IV is adminsitered to each subject.
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What is the difference between a between-group design and a within-subjects design
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between-groups - administer each level of IV to different group of subjects and compare groups
While within-subjects (repeated measures) - effects of IV are analyzed by comparing performance of same group of subjects after receiving each level of the IV |
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Extraneous variable correlates with ?
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the dependent variable
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What is the goal of protocol analysis?
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identify the "heeded cognitions" that underlie problem-solving or other cognitive tasks
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Time sampling is:
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observing an individual or group during pre-specified periods of time, at the end of that time recording whether or not the behavior has occurred
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A psychologist is conducting research to evaluate the effectiveness of three predictor tests of overall mental health he has developed. He administers the predictors to 35 individuals randomly chosen from the population of interest and obtains a squared multiple correlation coefficient (R2) of .47. If the psychologist administers the predictors to another 70 individuals drawn from the same population, the best prediction is that, he would obtain an R2 that is:
a. lower than .47 b. about equal to .47 c. slightly to moderately higher than .47 d. much higher than .47 |
The principle behind this question is that the greater the range of scores in both the predictor(s) and the criterion, the higher the validity coefficient will be. If you administer the predictors to 70 people as opposed to 35, you are likely to get a somewhat greater range of scores in the former case. Therefore, you will get a somewhat higher correlation coefficient. Choice D, a much higher correlation coefficient is not a good answer. Increasing the range of scores can only do so much for your correlation coefficient, especially if you already have a reasonably representative sample to begin with. Increasing the sample size from 35 to 70, for example, will not turn a poor set of predictors into a good one.
Some of you might have gone for choice A, thinking that, due to shrinkage, the correlation coefficient would be smaller. Shrinkage, however, is associated with the development of a predictor or set of predictors. It occurs when, based on research with one sample, items for a predictor are chosen from a larger pool, and the newly developed predictor is then tested on a second sample. The correlation coefficient for the second sample is likely to be smaller, because the predictor was "tailor made" for the first sample. In this question, however, the predictors are not in the process of development, and the first group of 35 people is not a validation sample (i.e., a sample of people used to determine which items to retain for the final version of the test). To see if you understand this distinction, try to rewrite the question, changing as few words as possible, so that A becomes the best answer |
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A study comparing the effectiveness of stress inoculation training, hypnosis, and EMDR on PTSD measures client's anxiety level prior to receiving treatment and at 6 and 12 weeks after beginning treatment. This design would be considered:
a. between-groups b. within-subjects c. mixed d. counterbalanced |
A mixed research design has at least one between-subjects independent variable and at least one repeated measures variable (or within-subjects variable). Since this study is comparing the effects on three different groups of subjects (i.e. a between-subjects design) combined with the use of a repeated measures (within-subjects) design, it would be considered a mixed design. Counterbalancing (D) is a technique used to control order effects in a repeated measures design, and involves administering the treatments to the different groups in a different order.
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Path analysis is useful for
a. examining the unidirectional relationships among a set of measured and latent traits b. examining the bidirectional relationships among a set of measured and latent traits c. examining the unidirectional causal relationships among a set of measured traits d. examining the bidirectional causal relationships among a set of measured traits |
c - Path analysis is a causal modeling technique. It is somewhat limited compared to other techniques because it permits only one-way (unidirectional) paths between variables and involves looking only at the relationships among measured variables. (LISREL, a more complicated technique, looks at both measured variables and the latent traits measured by those variables and permits one- and two-way paths
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A colleague of yours is interested in studying the effects of aging on IQ scores. He consults with you for some ideas regarding how to proceed with this research. Which type of research design would you recommend?
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Cross-sequential research is the strongest from a scientific point of view (combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal research)
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A researcher inquires about the subject's performance expectations and beliefs about the purpose of the study at the conclusion of the experiment. The researcher finds the subjects' actual performance is consistent with their beliefs and expectations when analyzing the data. The results of the study may be confounded by:
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Demand Characteristics
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1. Mediator variable:
2. Moderator variable: 3. Suppressor variable: |
1. A mediator variable is a variable that accounts for or explains the effects of an IV on a DV. That is, the IV affects the mediator variable, which affects the DV.
2.moderator variable: is similar to a mediator variable, but a moderator variable only influences the strength of the relationship between two other variables, it doesn't fully account for it. For example, if a job selection test has different validity coefficients for different ethnic groups, ethnicity would be a moderator variable because it influences the relationship between the test (predictor) and actual job performance (the criterion) but it does not fully account for the relationship. 3. A suppressor variable: reduces or conceals the relationship between variables. For example, the K scale in the MMPI-2 is a suppressor variable because it measures defensiveness, which can suppress the scores on the clinical scales. The K scale is, therefore, used as a correction factor for some of the clinical scales. |
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A psychologist believes that physical exercise can reduce a person's anxiety level, which reduces the strength of substance cravings in people recovering from substance dependence. According to this hypothesis anxiety is a:
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In this example, the IV is exercise, the mediator variable is anxiety, which explains how the DV, substance craving, is reduced.
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