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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is random selection?
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Random selection means there is an equal probability that all subjects within the population will be selected.
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What is stratified Sampling?
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Over sample the underrepresented. It ensures a represenetative sample. During stratified sampling the population is divided into segments (strata) and random sampling from each strata.
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Purpose of statified sampling?
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Maintain External Validity
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Purpose of Random Assignment
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Maintain Internal Validity
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Case-control design
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Strategies in which the investigator studies the characteristic of interest by forming groups of individuals who vary on the characteristic and you study current and past feutures of the group.
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What are the two types of observational research?
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Case control, and Cohort designs
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What are the types of case control or two-group case control?
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cross-sectional design, and retrospective design.
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What are the type sof cohort designs?
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Single group, multigroup, and accelerated multicohort longitudinal design.
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What are Cohort Designs
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With a cohort design you follow an intact group over time (i.e., “prospectively”). With all cohort designs Subjects are selected before the outcome has occurred.
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Advantage of cohort design
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you can establish a timeline
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Key disadvantage of cohort design
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expensive and time consuming
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What are some important contributions of the case study?
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ideas, hypotheses, sources for developing therapy techniques, studying rare phenomena. demonstrate counter-instances.
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What are some limitations of case studies?
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Open to therapist experimenter biases, one can come up with many alternative explanations for a client's current state. Also case studies are descriptive and not predictive.
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What are the key characteristics of single-case experimental design?
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Continuous assessment, baseline assessment, stability of performance and the use of different phases.
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What are some types of single case experimental designs?
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ABAB designs, Multiple-baseline designs, and changing criterion designs.
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What are ABAB designs?
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ABAB designs are a single-case experimental design in which the performance of a subject or group is evaluated over time across baseline (A) and intervention (B) conditions. A relation is demonstrated between the intervention and performance if performance changes in each phase in which the intervention is presented and reverts to baseline, or near baseline, levels when it is withdrawn. Also called reversal design.
A=baseline phase, B=Intervention phase. You must maintain the phase until change is stable. A=second baseline phase; “reversal phase”. |
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What are Multiple-Baseline Designs?
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Multiple-Baseline Design is a single-case experimental design strategy in which the interaction is introduced across different behaviors, individual, or situations at different times. A causal relation between the intervention and performance on the dependent measures is demonstrated is each behavior (individual or situation) changes when and only when this program is introduced. Any given behavior should only change when the intervention is directly applied to it…not before. Can get baselines across individuals. Can get baselines across contexts.
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What are the ethical benefits of multiple-baseline designs?
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You don't have to reverse treatment once gains are made
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What are changing-criterion designs?
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A single-case experimental design that demonstrates the effect of an intervention by showing that performance changes in increments to match a performance criterion.
Shorey-Keep moving the baseline in the direction of improvement AAAABBBBBB1B1B1B1B1B1B2B2B2B2B2B2, if behavioral change coincides with the intervention and changing the criterion across multiple steps then there is evidence of causation. This design is best for detecting gradual changes over more sessions. |
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What are the weaknesses of the single case designs?
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You can't evaluate subject characteristics as moderators. There might be a selection bias. No representative sample but there are profound effects.
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