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98 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Most valuable type of research
Experiment-used to discover cause and effect relationships
Factor Analysis
statistical procedures that use the important or underlying factors in an attempt to summarize a lot of variables
Chi square
nonparametric statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differences significantly from an expected distribution
parsimony
interpreting the results in the simplest way (in an experiment)
Occam's razor
interpret the results in the simplest way
confounded
a participant ins invalid due to extraneous variables
nondirective
similar to person-centered in that both are rogerian techniques
IV,
DV
independent variable,
dependent variable
ex-post-facto
data gathered after an experiment.
statistical analysis used with ex post facto research
t-test or ANOVA
variable which is changed
IV
control group
does not receive any treatment/experiment
quasi-experiment
cannot randomly assign participants to groups
R.A. Fisher
pioneered hypothesis training
percentile rank
descriptive statistic that tells the counselor what percentage of cases fall below a certain level
test of significance
tests the differences in control group from experimental group
-t-test
-ANOVA
P stands for
probability
probability
level of significance
parameter
summarizes a characteristic of a population, obtained from the value drawn from a sample.
probability levels are usually
.05 or less
variable which is changed
IV
control group
does not receive any treatment/experiment
quasi-experiment
cannot randomly assign participants to groups
R.A. Fisher
pioneered hypothesis training
percentile rank
descriptive statistic that tells the counselor what percentage of cases fall below a certain level
test of significance
tests the differences in control group from experimental group
-t-test
-ANOVA
P stands for
probability
probability
level of significance
parameter
summarizes a characteristic of a population, obtained from the value drawn from a sample.
probability levels are usually
.05 or less
P=.05 means
there is 5% or less chance that the differences in groups is due to chance factors, although differences exist
best probability level
P=.001
Type I error
-Alpha
-When researcher rejects the null when it is true
Type II error
-Beta
-When you accept the null when it is false
Increased sample size effect on type I and II errors
decreases
probability level on type I and II errors
decreases
t test
used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different
ANOVA
used with more than two groups in an experiment to test significance
two-way ANOVA or MANOVA
used to test experiments with two or more IV's
f-values
help tell differences when using an ANOVA
positive correlation
when one variable increases, the other does as well
correlation and causality
do not imply each other
N
number of persons being measured
correlation illustrates
degree of relationship
Gaussian curve
normal bell shaped curve
bimodal distribution
two humps, like a camel
point of maximum concentration in a distribution
mode
abbreviation for mean
X with bar over it, also most used
mean is misleading when...
there are extreme scores or the distribution is skewed
factorial design
several experimental variables are investigated and noted
Solomon four-group design
-created by L. solomon
-the researcher uses two control groups, and only one control and one experimental group are pretested
negatively skewed
tail points to the right, or positive side
positive skewed
tail points to left, negative side
histogram
distribution with class intervals
horizontal line drawn under a distribution
x-axis, or abscissa
vertical line drawn next to distribution
y axis, or ordinate
reliable
experiment can be replicated with nearly identical findings
range can be calculated by..
subtracting the lowest from highest score
scattergram
pictorial diagram of two variables being correlated
John Henry effect
threat to internal validity of an experiment when subjects strive to prove that an experiment could effect their livelihood
Standard Deviation distributions
68% fall between -/+1 SD of mean
95% fall within 2 SD of mean
99% fall within 3 SD of mean
variance
standard devision squared
z-score
same as standard devisions, or called standard scores
T-scores
has to do with what area of distribution the score falls in
platykurtic distribution
like the upper half of a hot dog
kurtosis
peakedness of a frequency
leptokurtic distribution
tall, like a hot dog standing up
Stanine
standard and nine, having to do with where the frequency falls
nominal measurement scale
names, like DSM
ordinal scale
in order, like first, second, third
interval scale
in scales such as IQ scores or measurement scores
ratio scale
time height, weight, temperature, and psychological features
naturalistic observation
no manipulation
simplest form of resarch
survey
survey return rate
50-75%
Hawthorne effect
if subjects know they are in an experiment, their performance improves
Rosenthal effect
experimenter expectancy effect
Halo effect
occurs when a trait which is not being evaluated influences a researcher's rating on another trait
ANOVA
-controls for sample differences
-helps remove confounding
-statistically eliminates differences in averages related to covariates
causal comparative research
not randomly assigned and IV is not controlled, but observed via treatment
regression towards the mean
if retested, extreme scores will become closer to the mean
standardized tests always have
formal procedures for test administration and score
ipsative
within person analysis, rather than between individuals
demand characteristics
any bit of knowledge that the subject in an experiment is aware of that may effect their behavior in the experiment
Duncan's multiple range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test
tests significant F values when using ANOVA tests to test significant differences in between group means
Pygmalion effect
Rosenthal effect
counterbalancing
used to control for the fact taht order of an experiment could have an effect on the outcome
ahistoric therapy
connotates any therapy that focuses on the here and now
multiple treatment inference
if subject receives more than one treatment, it is unsure which modality caused the differences
stratified sampling
"special characteristic" or strata is accounted or chosen from
operational definition
outlines a procedure
systematic sampling
using a system to draw from your sampling, ex every tenth person
non parametric measures
-Mann-Whitney U-test
-Wilcoxon signed-rank test
-Solomon and the Kruskal-Wallis H-test
non parametric means...
distribution free
inductive
research goes from the specific to a generalization
deductive
reduces general to specific
SEM
standard error of measurement, or what would most likely occur if the individual took the test again
Likert scale
-Rensis Likert, 1930s
-scale helps improve the degree of measurement
-scale system