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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The coefficient of variation is an attribute of a distribution.
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TRUE
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A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data. If independent samples are taken repeatedly from the same population, and a confidence interval calculated for each sample, then a certain percentage (confidence level) of the intervals will include the unknown population parameter.
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TRUE
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In an experimental design, the ___________ is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.
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Independent variable
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The experimenter is interested in determining if the value of the ____________ varies when the values of another variable are varied, and by how much.
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Dependent Variable
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In a study of how different dosages of a drug are related to the severity of symptoms of a disease, a measure of the severity of the symptoms of the disease is a
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Dependent Variable
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In an experimental design, the ___________ is the thing that someone actively controls/changes
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Independent Variable
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The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out your data is.
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TRUE
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A population consists of an entire set of objects, observations, or scores that have something in common.
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TRUE
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The distribution of a population can be described by several parameters such as the mean and standard deviation Estimates of these parameters taken from a sample are called
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statistics
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In an experimental design the dependent variable is the "presumed cause", while independent variable is the "presumed effect" of the independent variable.
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FALSE
opposite |
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Primary Data Is original data gathered by the health researcher directly from or about the population of interest.
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TRUE
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Secondary Data Is the data that has already been gathered by others that may or may not be directly from the population being assessed.
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TRUE
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Which of the Following are true about an experimental design?
-Use of random assignment of participants into control and experimental groups -Data collected from both groups before and after intervention -Changes in the experimental group are the best evidence of the effectiveness of the intervention because of increased control |
all are TRUE
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Which of the following are true about Non-experimental or single group design?
-Does not use experimental or control group -Participants not randomly assigned -Data can be collected form participants at end of program or at beginning and end, and compared for differences using pre and post test -Cannot determine if changes are result of the intervention because of decreased control |
all are TRUE
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Which of the following are true about Quasi-experimental design?
•Experimental group and a control group or comparison group are formed by means other than random assignment •Data is collected from both prior to and after the intervention •Lack of random assignment decreases control -hence changes in the experimental group may support the effectivness of the intervention |
all are TRUE
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Surveys are used to determine
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Knowledge
Attitude Beliefs Behavior |
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In contrast to the later cumbersome and expensive process of bringing population samples to clinics, survey techniques can generally search more widely with less expense.
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TRUE
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The following are steps in?
-Determine the objectives -Define the population to be studied -Determine the specific data to be collected and the methods of measurement -Choose the sampling unit and the sample size -Determine the method of contacting individuals/collecting data. -Plan methods to reduce non response rates -Construct the questionnaire to obtain the desired information -Collect data -Process and analyze the data -Report the results |
Designing and completing a survey
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A good survey is well constructed, tested for validity and reliability, has a high response rate and valid sample
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TRUE
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Which one of the surveys is least costly
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Mail
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Which one of the surveys is inexpensive?
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Telephone
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Which one of the surveys has a low response rate?
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Mail
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Which one of the surveys is most costly?
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In Person or Face to Face
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Which one of the surveys has a high response rate?
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In person or Face to Face
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Which one of the surveys are you more likely to obtain complete information?
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Interview
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Categorical data where the order of the categories is arbitrary, would be measured by
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Nominal Data. (ex race/ethnicity)
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Categorical data where there is a logical ordering to the categories is
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Ordinal data. (ex: Likert scale)
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A good example is the Likert scale that you see on many surveys: 1=Strongly disagree; 2=Disagree; 3=Neutral; 4=Agree; 5=Strongly agree.
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Interval Level Format
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Continuous data where differences are interpretable, but where there is no "natural" zero. A good example is temperature in Fahrenheit degrees.
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Interval Scale
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Variables have a standard unit of measurement with an absolute zero.
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Ratio Scale
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Ranked the desserts in order of personal preference, from your most favorite (1), per your least favorite (4).
•Ice cream •Cookies. •Cake •Maple syrup spread on the body of the person your living with your parents don’t know about would be an example of ? |
Ordinal Level Response
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The term used to represent categorical data is
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qualitative data
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Elements of a Research Design include:
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-a statement of objectives
-definition of data to be collected -methodology -Instrumentation -Data collection -Data processing -Data analysis -Reporting |
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Experimental design uses random assignment of participants to the control and experimental groups. Data are collected from both groups before and after the intervention. Because this design allows for the most control of the confounding variable observed changes in the experimental group are the most defensible evidence of the effectiveness of an intervention.
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TRUE
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"The empirical rule" also known as the "68-95-99.7 rule", refers to a distribution in a normal population and has about 68% of the values are within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% of the values are within two standard deviations and about 99.7% lie within 3 standard deviations.
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TRUE
in normal distributed populations |
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The name given to a value that is distinctly different than the values within the normal distribution of a population is called
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Skewed (outlier)
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The term to represent verbal or narrative pieces of data is
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qualitative data/categorical data
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Qualitative research is the same as anecdotal information.
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FALSE
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Simply the average of all the items in a sample is the
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mean
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Most frequently occurring value in the data set is the
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mode
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The value so that roughly half of the data are smaller and roughly half of the data are larger is the
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Median
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In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.26, 4.41, 4.80,, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the median would be
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(half data smaller, and half data larger) 3.84
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In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.26, 4.41, 4.80, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the mode would be
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(most frequently occurring value in set) 3.84
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In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.41, 4.26, 4.80, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the mean would be
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(add all up and divide by 14) 4.01
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Skewness denotes that observations are not spread symmetrically around an average value. As a result, the average and the median are different.
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TRUE
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Type lI error is the error of rejecting something that should have been accepted; e.g., such as finding an innocent person guilty.
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FALSE
this is Type I a false positive |
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Type I error is the error of accepting something that should have been rejected; e.g., such as finding a guilty person innocent.
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FALSE
this is type II a false negative |
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Type I error is the error of accepting an alternative hypothesis (the real hypothesis of interest) when an observation is due to chance.
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TRUE
false positive |
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Type II error is the error of failing to accept an alternative hypothesis when you don't have adequate power.
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TRUE
false negative |
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The five number summary splits the data into four regions, each of which contains 25% of the data.
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TRUE
–MAX - the maximum value –75% - the 75th percentile –50% - the 50th percentile –25% - the 25th percentile –MIN - the minimum value |
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The primary goal of much research is to use information collected from a sample to try to characterize a certain population.
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TRUE
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A variable is any measured characteristic or attribute that differs for different subjects.
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TRUE
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Qualtitative variables are measured on an ordinal, interval, or ratio scale.
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FALSE
Quantitative are |
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Qualitative variables are measured on a nominal scale.
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TRUE
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Qualitative research is rigorous research with explicit sampling strategies, systematic analysis of data, and a commitment to examining counter explanations. Ideally, methods should be transparent, allowing the reader to assess the validity and the extent to which results might be applicable to their own clinical practice.
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TRUE
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The standard error is the estimated standard deviation of a statistic.
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TRUE
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The independent variable is the "presumed cause", while dependent variable is the "presumed effect" of the independent variable.
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TRUE
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In the Principle of Causal Inference the lack of temporal ambiguity means that cause should precede effect.
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TRUE
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What gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data.
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Confidence interval
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If independent samples are taken repeatedly from the same population, and a confidence interval calculated for each sample, then a certain percentage (confidence level) of the intervals will include the unknown population parameter. Confidence intervals are usually calculated so that this percentage is 95%, but we can produce 90%, 99%, 99.9%, confidence intervals for the unknown parameter.
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TRUE
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The dependent variable is the thing that someone actively controls/changes.
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FALSE
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The relationship between the independent and dependent variables is called the experimental hypothesis.
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TRUE
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The difference between the two groups that is not statistically significant is called
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Chance
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The error of accepting an alternative hypothesis (the real hypothesis of interest) when an observation is due to chance is
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Type I error
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The error of not rejecting a null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is the true state of nature is
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Type II error
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A __________for a population parameter is an interval between two numbers with an associated probability p which is generated from a random sample of an underlying population, such that if the sampling was repeated numerous times and the confidence interval recalculated from each sample according to the same method, a proportion p of the confidence intervals would contain the population parameter in question
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Confidence Interval
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Confidence intervals are the most prevalent form of interval estimate
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TRUE
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In an experimental design, the independent variable is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon (the dependent variable).
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TRUE
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The follow desribes what?
•Easy to maximize chances the study will be internally valid •Controlled situation improves power, may hurt ability to generalize to less controlled situations •Homogeneous participants in improves power, may hurt ability to generalize to other types of participants •Simple experiment and external validity are by no means incompatible •can be done anywhere -by combining random selection and random assignment, you can get to a study that is internally and externally valid |
Simple Experiment
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By combining random selection and random assignment, you can get to a study that is internally and externally valid.
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TRUE
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Probability applies exclusively to a future event.
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TRUE
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If probability is equal to 1 then that event is certain to happen and if the probability is 0 then that event will never occur.
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TRUE
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The outcome of an experiment together with its respective probabilities constitutes a probability distribution.
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TRUE
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The binomial distribution presents the probabilities of various numbers of successes in trials where there are more than two possible outcomes to each trial. False (replace more with only and it is correct!)
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FALSE
only 2 outcomes |
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The binomial expansion is applicable provided that
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a. Each trial has only two possible outcomes – success or failure
b. The outcome of each trial is independent of the outcomes of any other trial c. The probability of success, pm is constant from trial to trial |
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The follow is describing?
a. Critical for health determinations – healthy or sick b. Countless phenomenon follow the normal distribution c. Possesses certain mathematical properties that make it attractive and easy to manipulate d. much statistical theory and methodology was developed around the assumption that certain data are distrubted approximately normal e. it is the basis for the use of inferential statistics |
importance of normal distributions
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The importance of normal distributions is that It is the basis for the use of inferential statistics.
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TRUE
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A property of the normal distribution of a population sample is that it produces a Bell-shaped curve.
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TRUE
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A property of the normal distribution of a population sample is it is a theoretical distribution defined by two parameters the mean and the standard deviation.
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TRUE
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The coefficient of variation is an attribute of a distribution: its standard deviation divided by its mean that allows comparison of the variation of populations that have significantly different mean values.
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TRUE
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The measure of variability, which is dependent upon every value and a set of data is the standard deviation
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TRUE
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In a right skewed distribution.
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More people did better than average, doesn’t follow nml bell curve but moves one way or another, and so mean moves also
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The key to this simple experiment is
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random assignment
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If the difference between the treatment group, and the no treatment group is not larger than what would be expected by chance, then the results are inconclusive
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TRUE
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Rejecting the Null hypothesis, when it is actually false is
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Type I error
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Age is an appropriate independent variable for an experiment, because you can manipulate or control it.
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TRUE
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