Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Steps in Evidence-Based Practice |
Steps: 1. Clinical problem identified and an answerable research question is formulated. 2. Systematic literature review is conducted and best evidence is collected. 3. Research evidence is summarized and critically analyzed. 4. Research evidence is synthesized and applied to clinical practice. |
|
|
Clinical decisions are based in: |
1. Systematic review 2. Clinical expertise 3. Patient values |
|
|
Methods of Research |
1. Historical Research 2. Descriptive Research a. Case studies or Clinical reports b. Developmental research c. Longitudinal studies d. Normative studies e. Qualitative research -- seeks facts or causes of social phenomena
3. Correlational research • near +1.00 = positively correlated • near 0.00 = not related • near -1.00 = inversely related a. Retrospective b. Descriptive c. Predictive
4. Experimental research --define a cause & effect a. True experimental b. Cohort design -- quasi-experimental design c. Within-subject design (repeated measures) d. Between-Subject design e. Single-Subject experimental design • A-B design • A-B-A design (multiple baseline) • A-B-A-B (multiple baseline, multiple treatment
f. Factorial design -- refers to the number of independent variables utilized
5. Causal-Comparative research a. Ex post facto research b. Groups are compared based on dependent variable 6. Epidemiology --- study of disease frequency and distribution |
|
|
Types of Data |
1. Nominal -- male/female; short/tall 2. Ordinal -- grade; MMT 3. Interval -- no true zero point; IQ TEST 0-200; temperature scales 4. Ratio -- true zero point; goniometry; height; weight or force |
|
|
Sampling |
1. Random --- equal chance 2. Systematic --- specified intervals e.g. every 10th name 3. Stratified --- predetermined characteristic, e.g. height, weight, gender 4. Double-blind study --- subject & investigator are not aware 5. Effect size --- quantity, magnitude 6. Generalizability --- entire population |
|
|
Validity --- accurately measures what it intends to measures |
1. Internal validity 2. External validity 3. Face validity 4. Content validity 5. Concurrent validity --- comparison to the gold standard 6. Predictive validity 7. Construct validity |
|
|
Hawthorne Effect |
The subject's knowledge of participation in an experiment influences the results of a study |
|
|
Reliability --- consistently measures what it is intended to measure |
1. Interrater (intertester) 2. Intrarater (intratester) --- one rater can obtain same rating for multiple trials 3. Test-retest reliability --- consistent over time; stability 4. Split-half reliability --- reliability of first haf is compared with second half; measure of internal consistency |
|
|
Measures of Central tendency |
• Mean = average of all scores; Add scores together and divide by the number of subjects (N); Central tendency; appropriate for interval or ratio data
• Median = midpoint, 50% of scores; appropriate for ordinal data
• Mode = most frequently occurring score; appropriate for nominal data |
|
|
Research Errors |
1. Standard error --- result of sampling error 2. Type 1 error --- null hypothesis is rejected by researcher when it is true; Conclude that there is significant difference between the groups when in fact there is no difference. 3. Type 2 error --- null hypothesis is not rejected by the researcher when it is false; Conclude that there is no difference between the groups when there is significant difference. |
|
|
Strength of Correlations |
• HIGH = > 0.76 to 1.00 • Moderate = 0.51 to 0.75 • Fair = 0.26 to 0.50 • Low = 0.00 to 0.25 |
