Research

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Research

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is what scientists do as they practice science; process of asking and answering questions

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empiricism

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philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence

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determinism

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means that events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; caused by other events, describe events/phenomena, understand and explain, predict events, control

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inductive method

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an experiment first and explain later approach; first observe events, experiment with them and later arrive at a conclusion regarding nature and causation of events

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deductive method

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is an explain first and verify later approach; explains event and then attempts to verify the explanation through the results of experiments

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theory

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systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon, describe an event, explain why the event occurs and how the theory can be verified

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hypothesis

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concerned with a more specific prediction stemming from a theory; proposed answer to a specific question and formulated prior to an investigation

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null hypotheses

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means zero and states that two variables are not related

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alternative hypotheses

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states that two variables are indeed related, one may be the cause of the other

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Data

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results of systematic observation, and in many cases, experimentation; observe events and record some measured values of the events

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Qualitative data

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are verbal descriptions of attributes of events; involve words

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Quantitative data

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are numerical descriptions of attributes of events; involve numbers

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What two criteria does scientific data meet?

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validity and reliability;

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reliability

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refers to consistency with which the same even is measured repeatedly; scores are reliable if they are consistent across repeated testing or measurement

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validity

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the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure;

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Types of validity

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predictive (criterion validity)
Concurrent validity
Construct validity
Content validity

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predictive (criterion validity)

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predictive (criterion validity)- test predicts future performance on a related task

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Concurrent validity

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form of criterion-related, degree in which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity

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Construct validity

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degree to which test scores are consistent with theoretical constructs or concepts

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Content Validity

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measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and relevant to measure

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correlational coefficient

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number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures

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r value

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value of 0.00 indicates no relationship btw. two measures; highest possible positive r is 1.00 and lowest negative of r is -1.00: closer to 1.00 the greater the reliability of test or measurement

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test-retest reliability

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consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the sample twice, test scores are positively correlated

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alternate-form reliability(parallel form reliability)

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based on consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same test are administered to the same people

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split-half reliability

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measure of internal consistency of test; showing that the responses to items on the first half of the test are correlated with the second half responses

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interobserver or interjudge reliability

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2 or more observers agree in measuring an event; results coefficient of .90 or more

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intraobserver or intrajudge reliability

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the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently

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interobserver or interjudge reliability

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2 or more observers agree in measuring an event; results coefficient of .90 or more

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intraobserver or intrajudge reliability

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the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently

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experiment

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is a means of establishing cause-effect relationships, and test if-then relationships

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independent variable

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directly manipulated by the experimenter that causes changes in the dependent variable (treatments are indep)

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dependent variable or effect

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variable that is affected by manipulation of independent variable(disorder or particular skill is depend)

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single subject designs (SSDs)

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play an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures, help establish cause-effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of an experiment

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multigroup pretest-postest design

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evaluate the relative effects of two or more treatments

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ABA and ABAB designs

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basic single subject experiment design and extension of the basic design; both are to establish treatment efficacy. first A condition refers to baseline, next B condition refers to treatment, third A condition refers to treatment withdrawal, and final B condition is reinstatement of treatment

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ex post facto (retrospective) research

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after the fact research, the investigator begins with the effect of the indpendent variables that have
occured in the past, the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events.

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survey

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assess some characteristics of a group of people or a particular society; how variables such as attitudes, opinions, or certain social practices are distributed in a population

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comparative research

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measure the similarities and differences of groups of people with defined characteristics

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developmental (normative) research

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measure changes in subjects over time as they mature or get older

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longitudinal research

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participants are studied over time

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cross-sectional method

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select participants from various age levels and observe the behaviors or characteristics of the groups formed on the basis of age

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correlational research

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researcher investigates relationships or associations btw. variables, do not imply causation and use words such as relationships or related

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ethnographic research

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is observation and description of naturally occurring phenomena
it is not an experimental type of research.