• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/110

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

110 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
binary fission
dna replicates and cell divides

bacteria do this and it allows them to replicate quickly
endospore benefits
-lies dormant until suitable conditions arrive
-can survive extreme environmental conditions
mutation
change of dna in cell
conjugation
bacterial sex
transposon
segment of dna that jumps strands
name one gram positive bacteria
staph, strep, and tb
name one gram negative bacteria
e coli
difference between gram positive and negative
gram negative: thin layer of peptidoglycan if any; has outer membrane with Lipopolysaccharides; no endospores

gram positive: think layer of peptidoglycan; has techoic acid; no outer membrane
purpose of peptidoglycan
-protects against infections
-has surface proteins with various functions
acid fast
cell wall contains 60percent mycolic acid and peptidoglycan
mycoplasma
no cell wall
pathology
scientific study of disease
etiology
the cause of disease
pathogenesis
the way in which a disease develops
disease
decreased state of health
infection
invasion of microbes; possibly disease causing
normal flora
organisms always there
transient flora
organisms not always there
antagonism
competition between microbes
commensalism
only worried about self, but not hurting other organisms
nephritis
inflamation of kidney
endemic
constant presence in a population usually in low levels
epidemic
many cases in a short time
pandemic
a worldwide epidemic
latent
causative agent remains inactive for a period of time
pathogenicity
ability of a pathogen to overcome the host defenses
virulence
degree of pathogenicity
attenuated
a vaccine that is living, but it is a weaker microbe
gylcocalyx
term for the material that surrounds bacterial cells

types
capsule and slime layer
flagella
motility mechanism for bacteria
fimbriae
adherence mechanism

(like one of those throw sticky hands)
pili
help in the joining of bacteria for dna transfer (sex pili
nucleoid
contains genetic information in a bacterial chromosome
inclusions
reserve deposits for various nutrients
endspore
dehydrated cells with thick walls
-give protection to the cell
toxoid
inactivated exotoxin
toxins
cause damage to host cell
exotoxin legal dose
very low
plasmids
-circular molecule outside of the chromosomal dna
-often cods for resistance
bacteriophage or phage
virus that infects bacteria
4 phases of bacterial growth
lag, log, stationary, death
major elements found in organic matter
chnops
autotroph
make own food (do not need organic compounds)
heterotroph
food from outside source (need organic compounds)
chemoheterotrophs
use organic compounds as both energy and a carbon source (bacteria are this)
symptoms of TB
weight loss, fever, cough (persistant), and night sweats
treatment for tb
sirez

streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethamutol, pyrazinamide
where does Tb live?
inside phagocytes
how do you contract Tb?
inhalation of resperatory droplets
purpose of rifampin and strep for tb infection
block protein synthesis
purpose of isoniazid
effective on organism when in body, but not when in cells
granuloma
walls away bug
innate
defense against any pathogen
immunity
specific antibody and lymphocyte response to an antigen
antigen
a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
antibody
proteins made in response to an antigen
serology
study of reactions between antibodies and antigens
APC
antigen presentings cells
-macrophages
-B-Cells
-Dendritic cells
chief function of immune system
to diagnose between self and non-self
innate immune system
-very similar person to person (non specific)

-first and second line of defense
-skin, mucous membranes, fever, inflamation, WBC
where do cells of immune system originate?
-bone marrow
erythrocytes
RBC's
leukocytes
WBC's....can provid non-specific/innate(neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells, monocytes/macrophages) or specific immunity/humoral and cell mediated (B cells, T cells, and NKC's)
platelets
clotting cells
lymph system
used to drain dead tissue out of blood
lymph
fluid: dead cells and wbc's and rbc's
thymus
T-university; learn how to be T-cells
plasma
fluid in the blood
average amount of cell count in per 100 WBC's
never let monkeys eat bananas

60,20,3,2,1

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
neutrophils
-like lemmings
-first cell during inflammation to arrive
-attracted into tissue by chemotactic factors
chemotactic factors
chemical messangers
eosinophils
-parasitic infections
-phagocytosis
basophils
-allergic response
-produce histamine
histamine
dialates blood vessles
monocyte
-mature to macrophages in tissue
-phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms
-APC
Macrophage
-mature monocyte
-produce lysosyme (allows greater phagocytosis)
-can remove unwanted toxins and antigens
Natural killer cells
-innate immunity
-ninja with a drill (pokes holes in cells)
receptors
chemotaxis
chemical attraction of phagocytes to microbes
why do blood vessels increase with infection
helps to get good stuff to bad area
which cells of immune system do the clean up work
macrophages
complement system
-defense system of syrum proteins
-like an angry mob
-kills a lot of stuff
-non-specific
opsonization
cover with a substance that has flags on it
what provokes specific immunity
antigens
humoral response
-specific
-B cells, antibodies
-fights bacteria, toxins, extracellular viruses
dont bbbbb funy
cell- mediated response
-T cells
-fights intracellular bacteria/viruses, cancer and fungi
-specific
antibodies
-neutralize antigen or tag it to be destroyed by something else
-member of a soluble group of protens known as immunoglobulins (Ig)
IgG
-2nd exposure to antigen increase production
-easily crosses blood vessel walls/tissue fluids
-80% of all antibodies in serum
-fixes complement
IgM
-slow mover
-induces complement
-1st to arrive during antigen exposure, short lived
IgA
-prevents attachment of pathogens to mucosal surfaces
-short lived
accronym for Ig's in serum
Gamde
IgE
-useful against parasites
-evokes allergic responses
-binds to mast cells/basophils
B cells main purpose
make antibodies
antibodies main purpose
attach to antigens and either block antigen purpose or attach and signal other immune cells to come in
memory response
IgM higher in first response; IgG lower

second response: IgM lower, IgG higher
T cells
-intracellular in nature
-antigen is necessary
-cells must be properly presented from APC's
-(1 of 3 lymphocytes...others are B cells and NKC's)
dendritic cells
leukocytes found in skin
T-helper cells
-quarterback
-uses MHC class 2 proteins
-CD4 cell
-secretes cytokins, induce formation of CTL's, activates macrophages
CTL's
-destroys with purpose
-utilizes MHS class 1 proteins
-CD8 cell
-cytotoxic t cells
-lyses shit
MHC and CD_ rule
1*8=8

2*4=8
MHC
billboards of cell
cytokines
chemical messengers (IL)
Td cells
-delayed hypersensitivity T-cells
-allergic reactions
a cell very similar to a basophil?
mast cell
3 mycobacterium that take 24 hours to divide?
T.B.
BCG
M Kansasii
2 mycobacterium that take 3 hours to divide?
M. smegmatis
M. fortuitum
opportunisitic mycobacterium
BCG and Kansasii
non pathogenic mycobacterium
smegmatis and fortuitum
smelly fart isn't deadly
explain BCG
-lost virulence by being cultured by humans for years.

-attenuated vaccine (still alive) allows for a memory specific resonse if ever in contact with M. Tb
in vitro
lab
in vivo
actual organism