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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
binary fission
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dna replicates and cell divides
bacteria do this and it allows them to replicate quickly |
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endospore benefits
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-lies dormant until suitable conditions arrive
-can survive extreme environmental conditions |
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mutation
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change of dna in cell
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conjugation
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bacterial sex
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transposon
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segment of dna that jumps strands
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name one gram positive bacteria
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staph, strep, and tb
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name one gram negative bacteria
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e coli
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difference between gram positive and negative
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gram negative: thin layer of peptidoglycan if any; has outer membrane with Lipopolysaccharides; no endospores
gram positive: think layer of peptidoglycan; has techoic acid; no outer membrane |
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purpose of peptidoglycan
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-protects against infections
-has surface proteins with various functions |
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acid fast
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cell wall contains 60percent mycolic acid and peptidoglycan
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mycoplasma
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no cell wall
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pathology
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scientific study of disease
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etiology
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the cause of disease
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pathogenesis
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the way in which a disease develops
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disease
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decreased state of health
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infection
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invasion of microbes; possibly disease causing
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normal flora
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organisms always there
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transient flora
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organisms not always there
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antagonism
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competition between microbes
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commensalism
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only worried about self, but not hurting other organisms
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nephritis
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inflamation of kidney
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endemic
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constant presence in a population usually in low levels
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epidemic
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many cases in a short time
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pandemic
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a worldwide epidemic
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latent
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causative agent remains inactive for a period of time
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pathogenicity
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ability of a pathogen to overcome the host defenses
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virulence
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degree of pathogenicity
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attenuated
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a vaccine that is living, but it is a weaker microbe
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gylcocalyx
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term for the material that surrounds bacterial cells
types capsule and slime layer |
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flagella
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motility mechanism for bacteria
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fimbriae
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adherence mechanism
(like one of those throw sticky hands) |
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pili
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help in the joining of bacteria for dna transfer (sex pili
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nucleoid
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contains genetic information in a bacterial chromosome
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inclusions
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reserve deposits for various nutrients
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endspore
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dehydrated cells with thick walls
-give protection to the cell |
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toxoid
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inactivated exotoxin
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toxins
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cause damage to host cell
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exotoxin legal dose
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very low
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plasmids
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-circular molecule outside of the chromosomal dna
-often cods for resistance |
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bacteriophage or phage
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virus that infects bacteria
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4 phases of bacterial growth
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lag, log, stationary, death
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major elements found in organic matter
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chnops
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autotroph
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make own food (do not need organic compounds)
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heterotroph
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food from outside source (need organic compounds)
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chemoheterotrophs
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use organic compounds as both energy and a carbon source (bacteria are this)
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symptoms of TB
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weight loss, fever, cough (persistant), and night sweats
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treatment for tb
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sirez
streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethamutol, pyrazinamide |
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where does Tb live?
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inside phagocytes
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how do you contract Tb?
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inhalation of resperatory droplets
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purpose of rifampin and strep for tb infection
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block protein synthesis
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purpose of isoniazid
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effective on organism when in body, but not when in cells
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granuloma
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walls away bug
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innate
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defense against any pathogen
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immunity
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specific antibody and lymphocyte response to an antigen
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antigen
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a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
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antibody
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proteins made in response to an antigen
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serology
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study of reactions between antibodies and antigens
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APC
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antigen presentings cells
-macrophages -B-Cells -Dendritic cells |
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chief function of immune system
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to diagnose between self and non-self
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innate immune system
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-very similar person to person (non specific)
-first and second line of defense -skin, mucous membranes, fever, inflamation, WBC |
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where do cells of immune system originate?
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-bone marrow
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erythrocytes
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RBC's
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leukocytes
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WBC's....can provid non-specific/innate(neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells, monocytes/macrophages) or specific immunity/humoral and cell mediated (B cells, T cells, and NKC's)
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platelets
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clotting cells
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lymph system
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used to drain dead tissue out of blood
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lymph
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fluid: dead cells and wbc's and rbc's
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thymus
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T-university; learn how to be T-cells
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plasma
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fluid in the blood
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average amount of cell count in per 100 WBC's
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never let monkeys eat bananas
60,20,3,2,1 neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
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neutrophils
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-like lemmings
-first cell during inflammation to arrive -attracted into tissue by chemotactic factors |
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chemotactic factors
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chemical messangers
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eosinophils
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-parasitic infections
-phagocytosis |
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basophils
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-allergic response
-produce histamine |
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histamine
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dialates blood vessles
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monocyte
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-mature to macrophages in tissue
-phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms -APC |
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Macrophage
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-mature monocyte
-produce lysosyme (allows greater phagocytosis) -can remove unwanted toxins and antigens |
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Natural killer cells
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-innate immunity
-ninja with a drill (pokes holes in cells) receptors |
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chemotaxis
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chemical attraction of phagocytes to microbes
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why do blood vessels increase with infection
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helps to get good stuff to bad area
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which cells of immune system do the clean up work
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macrophages
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complement system
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-defense system of syrum proteins
-like an angry mob -kills a lot of stuff -non-specific |
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opsonization
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cover with a substance that has flags on it
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what provokes specific immunity
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antigens
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humoral response
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-specific
-B cells, antibodies -fights bacteria, toxins, extracellular viruses |
dont bbbbb funy
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cell- mediated response
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-T cells
-fights intracellular bacteria/viruses, cancer and fungi -specific |
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antibodies
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-neutralize antigen or tag it to be destroyed by something else
-member of a soluble group of protens known as immunoglobulins (Ig) |
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IgG
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-2nd exposure to antigen increase production
-easily crosses blood vessel walls/tissue fluids -80% of all antibodies in serum -fixes complement |
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IgM
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-slow mover
-induces complement -1st to arrive during antigen exposure, short lived |
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IgA
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-prevents attachment of pathogens to mucosal surfaces
-short lived |
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accronym for Ig's in serum
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Gamde
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IgE
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-useful against parasites
-evokes allergic responses -binds to mast cells/basophils |
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B cells main purpose
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make antibodies
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antibodies main purpose
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attach to antigens and either block antigen purpose or attach and signal other immune cells to come in
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memory response
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IgM higher in first response; IgG lower
second response: IgM lower, IgG higher |
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T cells
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-intracellular in nature
-antigen is necessary -cells must be properly presented from APC's -(1 of 3 lymphocytes...others are B cells and NKC's) |
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dendritic cells
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leukocytes found in skin
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T-helper cells
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-quarterback
-uses MHC class 2 proteins -CD4 cell -secretes cytokins, induce formation of CTL's, activates macrophages |
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CTL's
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-destroys with purpose
-utilizes MHS class 1 proteins -CD8 cell -cytotoxic t cells -lyses shit |
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MHC and CD_ rule
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1*8=8
2*4=8 |
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MHC
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billboards of cell
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cytokines
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chemical messengers (IL)
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Td cells
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-delayed hypersensitivity T-cells
-allergic reactions |
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a cell very similar to a basophil?
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mast cell
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3 mycobacterium that take 24 hours to divide?
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T.B.
BCG M Kansasii |
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2 mycobacterium that take 3 hours to divide?
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M. smegmatis
M. fortuitum |
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opportunisitic mycobacterium
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BCG and Kansasii
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non pathogenic mycobacterium
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smegmatis and fortuitum
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smelly fart isn't deadly
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explain BCG
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-lost virulence by being cultured by humans for years.
-attenuated vaccine (still alive) allows for a memory specific resonse if ever in contact with M. Tb |
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in vitro
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lab
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in vivo
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actual organism
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