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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scientific method
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TROUT
tentative, replication, observable, unbiased, transparent (cleary state the process etc) |
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ways of knowing
personal experience tradition (agency tradition) practice wisdom common sense popular media |
1)our own knowledge (countertransference)
2) ie agency tradition to sit by door in group therapy 3) lots of agency wisdom leads to practice wisdom 4) common sense is based in either authority tradition etc pop media is not the whole picture, not objective (linton wikipedia) |
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innacurate observation
overgeneralizing selective observation |
1) you don't get the whole picture - video can be fooled
assign atributes to many - sister is leo, all leo's are smart, but you ignore the leos that are dumb replication prevents overgeneralizing |
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ex post facto hypothesizing
move the goal posts |
do research then come up with the hypothesis
move your target hypothesis towards or away from the results |
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ego involvement
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avoid noticing things that may efute your work
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illogical reasoning
--straw man -ad hominen -newness |
build it up to break it down make an argument weak by the way you build it up - abortion
- discredit the person (darwin vs bible) - newer is better |
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premature close of inquiry
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turles all the way down
all the previous cards were prematurely closing inquiry |
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pseudo science
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snake oil, extreme claims
reparitive therapy -- can lead to dogma, ultra orthadox |
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paradigms
-positivist - social constructivist -postmodern |
a framework or schema
- based on pursuit of objective realities - social construct - there are many realities - postmod - there is no objective reality |
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evidence based practice
steps for EBP CIAO |
used the best scientificly based evidence in the practivce or decision making process
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EBP
formulate a question to answer practice needs: CIAO |
Client characteristics -
Intervention being considered Alternative Intervention Outcome being sought |
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looking for evidence
top dow bottom up |
meta anaylsis
card cataloge - Siri |
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critical appraisal of stidies
isolated triangulated |
only one study had the result - his dissrtation
--similar finding in other studies |
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qualitative
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qualitative
more flexible, more subjectivity, obserations, starting point usually - not generalizable |
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quantitative
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maximum objectivity, point is to be able to generalize
Deductive reasoning |
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theory
ways to define concepts |
makes a claim about something
--nominal and operational |
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nominal definitions of concepts
operational definitions of concepts |
a dictionary definition - a good way to describe, but doesnt say "How" to "observe" (measure)
concrete and specific definition tells you how to measure whats happening |
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exampl of niominal and operational defonitions
depression |
nominal - "feeling sad and hopeless"
operational "becks depression index" |
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hypothesis
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statement that tests the relationship between TWO OR MORE variables/values
MUST BE FALSIFABLE |
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variables
explain in terms of values |
if one value: is a constant
must have 2or more to be measurable and operationalized |
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inductive reasoning
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(his plant) - make a set of observations then study them for patterns (often precuror to decuctive
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deductive reasoning
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starts with a hypothesis and test it. define variabes
moves from general to specific aristotle - all men are mortal, aristotle is a man, aristotle is mortal |
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relationships between variables
positive negative curvilinear unrelated |
both rise (income, amount spent vacation)
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independent variable
dependent variable |
if hypoth is corret IV CAUSES change in DV
passive - is affected by the IV |
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mediating variables
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a variable tat can occur somewhere in between IV cause and DV effect
(IV job loss, mediate: feel failure, DV very sad feeling) |
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moderating variable
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a variable not related to te IV, but still has efect on the DV (IV #/hours study, moderateing: traffic jam(stress), DV score on the exam)
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control variable
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variale tha is held constant
ie noyt allowig women in a study controls for gender |
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nominal
what is it what tests used? |
mutually exclusive catagories
chi square test (dichotamize) can' do operational measurements example: male female |
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ordinal
what |
ranked order
non parametric tests good better best |
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interval
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fixed distances beyween values - no "0" math operations not meaningful
temperature parametric tests |
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ratio
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"0" value
parametric age income |
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problem with self reports
best way to measure self reports (what level of measure?) |
we put our own meaning onto a term
"1-10 scale, my 5 is different than yours, numerical rating not best, ordinal is better. |
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kinds of statistics:
descriptive and inferential |
descriptive:
summarizes info about the subjects (height, age etc) in an organized way inferential: allows us to generalize from sample to larger pop. |
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types of statistical analysis analysis:
3 |
univariate
bivariate multivariate |
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univariate
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tells you abbout one variale
foucs on measure of central tendency: mean median mode |
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bivariate
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explores relationship between two variables
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multivariate
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explores three or more varaibles
annova |
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measures or central tendency
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mean median mode
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measures of spread
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range
semi interquartile standard deviation |
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what measurements use
mean median mode |
mean interval/ratio
median - ordinal interval ratio mode - nominal |
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what does standard deviation tell us
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understand one score in terms of the mean
--how far an individual's score is from the mean -allows you to standardize scores to compare diff data sets |
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characteristics of univariate and bivariate relationships
(type of data, tests, purpose, etc) |
univariate - generally descrptive, chi square,
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pearson's r
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r=1 is the highest, corelation coefficient
measures how closely the data on a scatterplot plots to a t line |
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chi square
(what kind of test/data) |
used to explore association between two nominal variables based on the expected and the actual outcomes Non parametric
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t test
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parametric test uses independent samples or paired scores
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annova
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parametric test for three or more samples
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multiple regression analysis
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parametric - tests what happens to DV when there are multple IV's
--usually you see how DV changes if one or more IV held constant |
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what is the operational and nominal definition of significance
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Nominal - tells us it should have a value
operational tels us something is there |
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The Null hypothesis
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The chance that the findings are better explained (more readily explained) by chance
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how do you accpt or recject null hypothesis?
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based on a-priori knowledge of p cavue, p<or= to .05 (.01, or .001)
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confirmatonal bias
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when you only think about the times when you get the result you want
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type 1 error
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hard wired into us for survival
- you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true ---you thnk something is significant when it isn't (you think bird in bush is a bear) |
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How do you decrease likelihood of committing type 1 error?
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you decrease the P value
to p=.01 |
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type 2 error
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you accept the null hypothesis when you shouldn't
you don't think anything is there when it is |
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how do you prevent type 2 errors?
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increase sample size
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what is a power analysis?
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it is a test you run to see how many subjects you need in he sample
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experimental research key features
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-hypothesis for causal relationship
-IV DV -two groups of subjects (random asignment) -p=.05 control groups |
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quasi expeimental
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may not have real control group,
or may not have random sample |
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non expeimental
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panozzo research
surveys no random assignment, no control group no baseline measurerment |
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single subject
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baseline taken from DV
then measure the change over time |
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what kind of data uses responses to set questions with set answers
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quantitative data
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what kind of data is in the form of words, re feelings, thoughts etc
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qualitative data
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cross section testing
benefits |
tests one point in time
cheaper and faster |
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longitudinal
benefit? |
takes measurements over long period of time - twin studies
but expensive |
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trend study
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a bt of both cros section and longitud, as you measure same variable, but the participants change (ie % favor gay marriage)
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4 puposes for studies
exploratory Descriptive Explanatory Evaluative |
explore: when at the early stages oof study - blincd vacationers
descript: univatiate (1 variable, meanmedianmode) like census homeless report explanatory - explain causal relationships - or if you are explainting what has been found evaluative - job/governmnet, no child left behind.. |
