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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Quantitative research and Qualitative research |
-Quantitative research is based on measuring variables for individual participants to obtain scores, usually numerical values, that are submitted to statistical analysis for summary and interpretation -Qualitative research is based on making observations that are summarized and interpreted in a narrative report. |
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Research strategy: |
-is a general approach to research -determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer |
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Validity and Threat to validity |
-The validity of a research study is the degree to which the study accurately answers the question it was intended to answer -Threat to validity: Any component of a research study that introduces questions or raises doubts about the quality of the research |
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Internal validity and Threat to internal validity |
- if it produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two variables -Threat to internal validity: Any factor that allows for an alternative explanation"(more on the slides) |
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External validity and Threat to external validity |
-whether results obtained from a small sample group, often in laboratory surroundings, can be extended to make predictions about the entire population. - A threat to external validity is any characteristic of a study that limits the ability to generalize the results from a research study. |
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Extraneous variable: |
-Any variable in a research study other than the specific variables being studied is an extraneous variable. |
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Confounding variable: |
-is an extraneous variable (usually unmonitored) that changes systematically along with the two variables being studied. -A confounding variable provides an alternative explanation for the observed relationship between the two variables and, therefore, is a threat to internal validity |
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Assignment bias: |
-occurs when the process used to assign different participants to different treatments produces groups of individuals with noticeably different characteristics. |
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History: |
-When a group of individuals is being tested in a series of treatment conditions, and it takes a long time a so they get tired -any outside event(s) that influences the participants’ scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment -threat to internal validity because any differences that are observed between treatment conditions may be caused by history instead of by the treatments |
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Maturation: |
-When a group of individuals is being tested in a series of treatment conditions, any physiological or psychological change that occurs in participants during the study and influences the participants’ -threat to internal validity because observed differences between treatment conditions may be caused by maturation instead of by the treatments |
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Instrumentation,or instrumental bias, or instrumental: |
-refers to changes in the measuring instrument that occur during a research study in which participants are measured in a series of treatment conditions. -threat to internal validity because any observed differences between treatment conditions may be caused by changes in the measuring instrument instead of the treatments |
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Decay |
-the loss of subjects. |
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Testing effects, or order effects: |
-occur when the experience of being tested in one treatment condition (participating and being measured) has an influence on the participants’ scores in a later treatment condition(s). -threaten internal validity because any observed differences between treatment conditions may be caused by testing effects rather than the treatments |
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Statistical regression, or regression toward the mean: |
-is a mathematical phenomenon in which extreme scores (high or low) on one measurement tend to be less extreme on a second measurement. - threat to internal validity because changes that occur in participants’ scores from one treatment to the next can be caused by regression instead of the treatments |
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Research design: |
- is a general plan for implementing a research strategy. -A research design specifies whether the study will involve groups or individual participants, -will make comparisons within a group or between groups, and how many variables will be included in the study |
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Research procedure: |
-A research procedure is an exact, step-by-step description of a specific research study |