Reptile And Birds

Front 1

axial muscles

Back 1

Well developed in crocs and snakes as lateral undulations of vertebral column and used in locomotion

Snakes: axial column important in lateral undulation and axial muscle prominent

Front 2

Turtle epaxial muscles

Back 2

Reduced

Front 3

Turtle hypaxial muscles

Back 3

Form body wall

Associated with breathing - attached to rib cage

In turtles: rib cage rigid and hypaxial reduced/lost

Front 4

Movement of the head and limbs in and out of the turtle shell:

Back 4

Changes the pressure in the cavity

Contributes to inhalation and exhalation

Front 5

Turtle rectus abdominus and external abdominal obliques:

Back 5

Attached to posterior visceral cavity with connective tissue

Contraction and extraction alters volume of visceral cavity = exhalation and inhalation

Front 6

Turtle pectoralis

Back 6

Originates on plastron and inserts on head of humerus

Draws humerus towards body posteriorly

Retracts and adducts

Front 7

Turtle latissmuss dorsi

Back 7

Originates on ventral surface of carapace and scapula

Inserts on humerus

Pull forelimb dorsally and anteriorly

Front 8

Turtle longissmus dorsi and longus colli

Back 8

Extend neck and head

Longus colli: originate and insert on cervical vertebrae

Longissmus dorsi: inserts on cervical vertbrae

Front 9

Turtle spinal cervical

Back 9

Originates on middle cervical vertbrae

Inserts on last cervical vertebrae

Raise and extends neck

Front 10

When might mixing of oxygenated or deoxygenated blood occur?

Back 10

Physiological stresses such as diving

Front 11

Crocodile septum

Back 11

Complete

Fully four chamber heart

All other reptiles: partially separated pulmonary and systemic circulations

Front 12

Left atrium

Back 12

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

Front 13

Right Atrium

Back 13

Receives deoxygenated blood from sinus venosus

Front 14

Heart composed of:

Back 14

Fully separated left and right atria

Partially separated ventricle

Front 15

Axillary artery in turtle

Back 15

Gives rise to vessels to plastron, pectoral girdle and forelimb

Front 16

Right aortic arch in turtle

Back 16

All blood to head and forelimbs originates from R. aortic arch

Carries most highly oxygenated blood

Front 17

Dorsal aorta in turtle

Back 17

Gives rise to arteries in digestive tract

Front 18

Pulmonary trunk in turtle

Back 18

Receives mostly deoxygenated blood due to the contraction sequence

Front 19

Trachea

Back 19

Supported by cartilaginous rings

Associated with respiratory system

Front 20

Cloaca

Back 20

Opening for urogenital and digestive tracts

Front 21

Coeliac artery

Back 21

Bifurcates one artery to: stomach, pancreas, liver and small intestine

Another to: spleen and liver

Front 22

Aspiration pump

Back 22

Reptile ventilation: air sucked in by low pressure created by lungs

Buccal cavity not part of ventilation

Feeding and breathing decoupled

Movement of limbs in/out shell can aid aspiration pump

Front 23

Turtle ventilation

Back 23

Ribs are not used due to rib cage fixed within shell

Sheets of muscle within shell contract and relax: forcing air in and out

Front 24

Exhalation in turtles caused by:

Back 24

Diaphragmaticus and transverse abdominal compression

Front 25

Inhalation in turtles caused by:

Back 25

Opening of glottis and expansion of obliques which expands abdominal cavity

Front 26

Cartilaginous rings in trachea

Back 26

Support, prevent from collapsing

Ensures continuous supply of air

Front 27

Accessory bladders

Back 27

Vascularized sacs

Primary accessory respiratory

Water storage organs

Front 28

Epididymis in male turtles

Back 28

Derived from archinephric duct

Sperm is stored and matures in epididymis before passing to vas deferens

Front 29

Two main extensors in snakes

Back 29

Semispinalis

Longissimus

Involved in striking

Front 30

Snake glottis

Back 30

Protrusible so airway not obstructed as prey swallowed

Front 31

Snake esophagus

Back 31

Long relative to body

Large capacity

Front 32

Snake heart

Back 32

Position varies depending on snake habitat

Generally 1/3rd down body

Anterior in arboreal snakes

Front 33

Snake lungs

Back 33

Single functional right lung

Small non-functional left lung

Right lung extends > half length of animal

Tracheal lung - vascularized sac extending from trachea and abuts right lung

Front 34

Bird evolution

Back 34

Diapsid reptiles

Have similar bone and muscle structure to crocodilians

Front 35

Those who have evolved to true flight:

Back 35

Bird, bats, pterosaurs

Front 36

Bills adapted for:

Back 36

Reaching, picking up and manipulating different food sources

Can be curved, spooned, shaped, crossed

Front 37

Wing diversity:

Back 37

Flat (swallow)

Concave (grouse)

Round (hawk)

Pointed (gull)

Front 38

Podotheca

Back 38

Thick skin covering feet

Front 39

Halux

Back 39

Four toes, one pointed backwards is halux

Front 40

Feet adapted for:

Back 40

Locomtion

Feeding/diet (lobed, webbed - swimming or sharp recurved claws - perching, climbing, manipulating food)

Front 41

What covers feet and legs of birds

Back 41

Epidermal scales

Front 42

Characteristic of ground birds:

Back 42

Stout toes with blunt claws for running/scratching

Front 43

Feathers

Back 43

Specializations of the skin unique to birds

Evolve from reptilian scales

Streamlined surface for flight and insulation

Confer pattern and colour for social behaviour

Front 44

Flying birds

Back 44

Wing and tail feathers asymmetrical: rigidity on leading edge

Front 45

Contour feathers

Back 45

Give body streamlined shape

Outline particular species

Have tightly knit vanes: forming impenetrable surface

Muscles around hair follicle hold feather in position

Flight feathers: longest contour feathers

Front 46

Flight feathers:

Back 46

Primary (9-12) on manus = thrust

Secondary (8-32) on forearm = lift

Front 47

Retrices in birds

Back 47

Tail feathers

Front 48

Down feathers

Back 48

Lack rachis

Used for insulation

Barbules lack hooks, form tangle of air pockets

Front 49

Pneumatized

Back 49

Bones contain air spaces

Lack marrow

But are rigid due to neighbouring bones

Front 50

Lack of teeth in beak creates:

Back 50

Weight reduction

Front 51

Articulation of articular and quadrate in birds

Back 51

Allows birds to open jaw widely

Front 52

Cranial kinesis in birds

Back 52

Upper jaw raised at same time that lower jaw is depressed

Front 53

Bird can turn their head_______

Back 53

180 degrees due to structure of cervical verebrae

Front 54

Atlas in birds articulates with ________

Back 54

Occipial condyle

Atlas recives dens of axis allowing free rotation of head

Front 55

Synsacrum in birds

Back 55

Fusion of some of the thoracic vertebrae with all lumbar vertebrae

Front 56

Pygostyle in birds

Back 56

Attachment for the flight feathers of tail

Front 57

Which pectoral girdle bones prevent collapse of chest cavity during wing beats?

Back 57

Scaupla

Coracoids

Clavicle

Front 58

Furcula in birds

Back 58

Wish bone!

Right and left clavicles fused into V shaped bone

Attached to sternum via ligament

Front 59

Coracoid and pectoral muscles in birds

Back 59

Coracoid: hold shoulder joint away from body

Pectoral muscles: pull wing in opposite direction during flight

Front 60

Keel

Back 60

Attachment of flight muscles

Front 61

Bones that make up wing:

Back 61

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpometacarpus

Phalanges

Front 62

Attachment for thigh muscles in birds

Back 62

Pelvis and synsacrum

Synsacrum (fused vertebrae)

Front 63

Pelvis of birds made up of:

Back 63

Ilium

Isium

Pubis

Front 64

Femur in birds

Back 64

Short

Articulates with tibiotarsus

Front 65

Tarsometatarsus in birds

Back 65

Fusion of 2nd 3rd and 4th metatarsals

Front 66

Axial muscles in birds

Back 66

Less prominent than appendicular muscles

Fusion of posterior vertebrae with pelvic girdle reduces need for large axial

Front 67

Function of Pelvic girdle mass in birds

Back 67

Large muscle mass

Stabilizes bird's mass during landings

Front 68

What makes up 20-30% of the bird's body weight? (Muscles )

Back 68

Pectoralis

Underlying supracoracoides

Front 69

Pectoralis on birds originates and inserts on

Back 69

Originates on: Furcula and keel

Inserts on: ventral surface of humerus

(Pectoralis muscle originates on pectoral girdle in reptiles)

Front 70

Pectoralis function in birds

Back 70

Powerful downstroke of wing

Brings wing downward and forward

Front 71

During downstroke:

Back 71

Furcula and procaracoids bend laterally

Front 72

Supracoracoideus in birds

Back 72

Inserts on dorsal surface of humerus

Raises wing

Opposing muscle during wing movement

Upstroke: wing is folded and lifted upward and backward

Front 73

Serratus anterior in birds

Back 73

Supports rib cage

Important for breathing and support for pectoral girdle

Front 74

Levator and depressor caudae in birds

Back 74

Permit tail to function as a rudder during flight

Front 75

Multifidid cervicis in birds

Back 75

Complex group of small muscles surrounding cervical vertebra

Give neck flexibililty

Front 76

Semispinalis in birds

Back 76

Moves the neck up and back

Front 77

Longus colli in birds

Back 77

Moves neck down and forward

Front 78

Peroneus longii in birds

Back 78

Flexes digits

Front 79

Gastrocnemius in birds

Back 79

Extends foot

Front 80

Iliotibialis in birds

Back 80

Extends tibiotarsus

Front 81

Syrinx in birds

Back 81

Sound producing organ

Formed by modifications of tracheal rings, bronchial half rings or both

Front 82

Air pathway in birds

Back 82

Trachea conducts air from oral cavity through bronchi --> parabronchi (air tubes) --> lungs

Front 83

Gas exchange in birds

Back 83

Air sacs: reservoirs of inhaled air

Most inhaled air passes through lungs to air sacs without involvement in gas exchange

Exchange between air and lungs: during exhalation as air passes from sacs to lungs

No blood vessels on air sacs

Front 84

Bird's heart

Back 84

Four chambered: 2 thin walled atria, 2 large thick ventricles

Front 85

Caval veins and Pulmonary veins

Back 85

Right atrium receives blood from head and body via caval veins

Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins

Front 86

Contraction of left ventricle pumps blood into:

Back 86

Aorta

Front 87

Blood pumped into right ventricle

Back 87

From venous from right atrium

Front 88

Contraction of right ventricle in birds:

Back 88

Pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary trunk and branches into right and left lungs as pulmonary arteries

Front 89

Lung and diaphgram in birds

Back 89

Lung no expansible

No diaphragm

Front 90

Esophagus in birds

Back 90

Straight and muscular

In pigeons: inflatable outpockets used to resonate sound in courtship

Other birds: protrude as visual signals

In some: used to carry seeds

Front 91

Crop

Back 91

Permanent dilation for food storage

Thick walled and muscular, empties to stomach

Front 92

Stomach in birds

Back 92

Two parts:

Proventriculus (elongate, associated with gastric glands, begin protein breakdown - hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen)

and

Gizzard *prominent in seed eating birds) (spherical, grinds food, lined with gastric cuticle - protein and carb that is shed and resecreted periodically)

Front 93

Pyloric and colic ceca

Back 93

Pair of pouches

Hold feces and produce bacterial action to break down food

Release in to large intestine (absorb nutrients)

Front 94

South American rheas

Back 94

Do not have urinary bladder for storage.

Front 95

Kidneys of birds divided into:

Back 95

Medulla and cortex

(same in mammals)

Front 96

Female ovary in birds

Back 96

One functional ovary on left side

Right ovary is vestigial if present

Front 97

Egg production in birds

Back 97

Contractions of smooth muscle lining - oviduct moves ova to cloaca

Shell deposited near terminal end of oviduct (via shell gland)

Front 98

Shell in birds

Back 98

Mineral exterior and two membranes

Front 99

Albumin

Back 99

Clear protein

Front 100

Yolk

Back 100

Surrounded and held together by vitellines membrane

Contains most of protein and fat used by developing embryo

Front 101

Chalazae

Back 101

Stringy parts of albumin

Surrounds and protects yolk

Allow yolk to rotate but prevent floating up against shell

Front 102

m

Back 102

m