Reproductive System: Female

Front 1

sexual intercourse

Back 1

coitus, copulation

Front 2

meiosis

Back 2

sex cell division = reduction division
diploid parents cell → 4 haploid daughter cell (gomets)

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prophase 1

Back 3

1) synapsis =homologous chromosome pair up
2) cross over= exchange genetic " no longer identical)
3)breakdown of nuclear envelop
*primary oocyte arrested in here

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Metaphase1

Back 4

1)homologous pairs of each tetrad line up with independent assortment
2)spindle fiber formed from microtuble attach the chromosomes

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Anaphase 1

Back 5

1)pair of chromosomes separate and are pulled to the opposite end= reduction division
(23 pairs →23 chromosome (still sister chromosome))

Front 6

telophase 1 and cytokinesis

Back 6

1) nuclear membrane reform
2) cleavage furrow in the cell
3) cell cytoplasm divide (cytokinesis)

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prophase 2

Back 7

nuclear breaks down

Front 8

meta phase 2

Back 8

secondary oocyte is arrested in this stage
-spindle fiber extended from centerioles chromosome line up

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ana phase2

Back 9

sister chromosome separate →single chromosome

Front 10

telophase 2 and cytokinesis

Back 10

4 cells (each contain 23 single chromosomes)

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granulosa cell

Back 11

primary follicle
secrete estrogen

Front 12

corpus luteum

Back 12

secrete progesterone, etrogen

Front 13

6 ovarian follicles

Back 13

1) primordal (at birth: primary oocyte)
2) primary (from puberty: primary oocyte)
3) secondary (from puberty: primary oocyte)
4) vesicular (from puberty: secondary oocyte)
5) corpus luteum (from puberty: not cyte)
6) corpus albicans (from puberty: not cyte)

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oogenesis
before birth, childhood

Back 14

before birth = oogonia (diploid cell, arrest in prophase 1)
childhood= atresia of primordial follicle

Front 15

oogenesis
after puberty

Back 15

after puberty= 20 premordial follicle → primary follicle (every month)→some secondary follicle (primary oocyte: arrested in prophase1)→only one vesicular follicle produce a secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase 2) and a polar body (degenerates)→ovulation
*if the secondary oocyte fertilized, it complete meiosis 2

Front 16

atresia

Back 16

regression of some primordial follicles

Front 17

cyclical pattern

Back 17

produce monthly sequence of event in follicle, ovarian cycle

Front 18

cyclical pattern 1)

Back 18

1)follicular phase (day 1 -13)
LH,FSH→20 primordial follicles (secrete inhibin ×FSH)
→1 secondary follicles→antrum fluid volume ↑→oocyte stay one side of the follicle and reach metaphase2

one polar body (non functional cell)

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cyclical pattern 2)

Back 19

2) ovulation (day 14)
LH↑ peak
antrum size increase and swelling
rupture expelling secondary oocyte

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cyclical pattern 3)

Back 20

3) luteal phase (day 15 -28)
follicle → corpus luteum
secretes progesterone and estrogen →build up uterine lining preparing for fertilized oocyte
*if not fertilize, corpus luteum →corpus albican
estrogen & progesterone ↓
uterine lining shed= menstruation

Front 21

shed lining

Back 21

menses
functional layer of endometrium; grow under estrogen and progesterone

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first menstrual cycle

Back 22

menarche

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not menstruation for 1 year

Back 23

menopause

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Human Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Back 24

mother's blood and act on corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen to maintain building uterine lining for 3 month
after 3 month the placenta is developed and secrete progesterone and estrogen

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mucous plug

Back 25

at cervix
formed by mucin -secreting glands prevent pathogen
*become thin around ovulation for easier sperm penetration

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hymen

Back 26

vaginal orifice
vasucularized membranous barrier

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uterine (menstrual) cycle

Back 27

change endometrial lining under influence estrogen and progesterone by corpus luteum

Front 28

3 menstrual cycles

Back 28

1) menstrual phase (day 1-5)
menstruation
2)proliferative phase (day 6-14)
development new functional layer of endometrium
3) secretory phase (day 15-28)
↑progesterone and estrogen by corpus luteum
→vascularization & uterine gland development
*no fertilization, ↓progesterone→menstrual phase

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day 1- 5

Back 29

ovarian cycle: follicular phase
menstrual cycle: menstrual phase
hypothalamus (GnRH) →anterior pituitary FSH & LH →primary follicle →secondary follicle

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day 6-12

Back 30

ovarian cycle: follicular phase
menstrual cycle: proliferative phase

secondary follicle (secrete inhibin & low estrogen →FSH↓)
→　vesicular follicle

new functional layer of endometrium re-building

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day 13-14

Back 31

ovarian cycle: follicular phase & ovulation
menstrual cycle: proliferative phase

viscular follicle secrete estrogen →hypothalamus →AP →LH →ovulation

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Day 15- 28

Back 32

ovarian cycle: luteal phase
menstrual cycle: secretory phase

corpus luteum secretes estrogen, progesterone, & inhibin →inhibit GnRH, FSH,LH →become corpus albican

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external reproductive organs

Back 33

genitalia

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milk

Back 34

proteins, fats, lactose, suger

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Mammary gland

Back 35

tubuloalveolar exocrine gland
secretory product milk

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lactiferous sinus

Back 36

milk strage

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areola

Back 37

sebaceous gland and aveolar gland

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parous

Back 38

who has given birth

areola darker

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nulliparous

Back 39

who has not gave birth

Front 40

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 40

anterior pituitary
stimulate development and maturation of ovarian follicles

Front 41

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 41

anterior pituitary
stimulate ovulation

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estrogen

Back 42

ovarian follicles (granulosa cell: primary follicle), corpus luteum, placenta

initiate and maintains growth of the functional layer of the endometrium

Front 43

progesterone

Back 43

corpus luteum or placenta

primary hormone responsible for functional layer growth after ovulation; causes increase in blood vessels distribution, uterine gland size and nutrient production

Front 44

ihibin

Back 44

ovarian follicles, corpus luteum

ihibit FSH secretion so as to prevent excessive follicular development