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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is parturition
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birth
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why is the scrotum important
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it is important for thermal regulation because sperm sythesis requires below body temperatures
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What are the two roles of the testes
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spermatogenesis and secretion of androgens into the blood stream
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what is the site of spermatogenesis
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the seminiferous tubule
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where are the leydig cells and what are they responsible for
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they are in the testicular interstitium and are responsible for androgen synthesis
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Diagram the flow of sperm
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seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, 2 inguinal canals(pelvic cavity), joinin the vas depherens near bladder at 1 ejaculatory duct urethra
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What are the seminal vesicles
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they are glands at the posterior surface of the bladder that secrete 60% of the semen into the ejaculatory duct
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what three glands produce semen and are know as accesory glands
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prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands
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what type of secretion is from the seminal vesicles
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fructose and sperm function products
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what secretions come from the prostate gland
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alakali to neutralize the acidity of the vagina/urethra 35% of semen
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what do the bulbourethral glands secrete
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alkali and lubricant
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what is an erection and how is it caused
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erectile tissue composed of veins/capillaries and surrounded by connective tissue cause accumulation of blood at high pressure
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What are the two compartments that contain erectile tissue
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corpus cavernosum/spongiosum
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What are the three stages of the male sexual act and how are they controlled
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arousal, orgasm, resolution. controlled by the intergrating center in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex. arousal at night or anxiety.
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What is arousal and what is it dependant on
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erection and lubrication, dialation of arteries supplying the penis causing swelling and veinus obstruction. secretoin by the bulbourethral glands. Point-parasympathetic
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what is orgasm and what is it caused by
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emmision and ejaculation, Emmision=propulsion of sperm and semen into the urethra by smooth muscle contraction. Ejaculation is the reflex reaction caused by the presence of semen in the urethra caused by the sympathetic nervous system
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What is resolution and what is it caused by
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return to normal state caused by the constriction of erectile arteries, resulting in decreased blood flow. 2-3 minutes and is controlled by the sympathetic state
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What process in humans use meiosis
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gametogenesis
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what takes place in meiosis
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diploid germ cells become haploid gametes. Recombination and different alleic combinations cause genetic diversity
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What are the mature male/female gametes called
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spermatozoa or ova/eggs/ovum
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What is the process of fusion called
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syngamy or fertilization and result in a zygote
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describe the difference between haploid and diploid cells
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haploid means 1 set of chromosomes and diploid is two
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What is ment by maternal inheritance
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everything but the haploid genes in a zygote are from the female including mitochondria
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When and where does spermatogenesis happen
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in seminiferous tubules at onset of puberty
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what are sertoli cells
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cells in the wall of seminiferous tubule that aid in spermatogenesis
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What are germ cells
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cells that give rise to spermatogonia germinate to produce organism
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Diagram the names of the steps in spermatogenesis
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spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
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Spermatogonium
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mitotically reproduce, in s phase of meiosis(gonna become a sperm) 2n
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Primary spermatocyte
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Undergo meiosis 1. 2n
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Secondary spermatocyte
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meiosis 2 2n cells to n
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spermatid
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turn into spermatozoa, its a kid spermatozoa almost mature is N
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Spermatozoa
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Finish maturing in seminigerous tubulue and in epididymis
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How long can sperm remain in the vas deferens and why
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they are inhibited by substances in the vas deferens and have low metabolic rate so they live for 30 days
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How do spermatogonia divide
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by mitosis
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how many sperm result from one spermatogonia
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4
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do sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes recombine
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homologous chromosomes sister chromatids are identical
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What is the acrosome
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the compartment in the head of the sperm developed in the seminiferous tubules that contain hydrolytic enzymes for penetration of the ovums protective layers.
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When do sperm develop flagella
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in the spermatid stage
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What hormones are involved in spermatogenesis
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Testosterone, LH, FSH, Inhibin
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What is the role of testosterone in spermatogenesis
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stimulates the division of spermatogonia inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRf and release pituitary gland secretions
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What does lutenizing hormone do
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it stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone secreted from anterior pituitary
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do
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stimulates sertoli cells, promote and maintain spermatogenesis anterior pituitary
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What does inhibin do
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It is secreted by sertoli cells and inhibits fsh in the anterior pituitary negative feedback
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what controls the release of fsh and lh
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GnRH, from the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic portal system
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What makes male of females
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xx female, xy male
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what are wolffian ducts
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undifferentiated gonads that develop into male reproductive system, epididymis, seminal vesicles and vas deferns)
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What are mullerian ducts
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cells that develop into into female genetalia
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What happens in the absence of Y chromosome
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female genetalia take prescedence
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What does the y chromosome do
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has info for the development of testes and produces testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factor
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What does MIF do
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causes regression of the mullerian ducts
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What does the systemic testosterone produced by the leydig cells do
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it is converted to dihydrotestosterone in cells and leads to the development of male genetalia in taget cells
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Does the embronic testosterone effect the testicle development
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nope
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What would happen if someone was born without testosterone receptors
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testes would be present, external genetalia would be female, and because of mif neither internal genetalia would be produced
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What are the male secondary characteristics
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facial hair, voice deepening, increased muscle mass, takes place durring puberty where testosterone becomes high again also fusion of epiphyses
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What could a leydig tumor do in a young boy
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cause an early onset of puberty do to high levels of testosterone
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What will high levels of testosterone in early childhood do to a boys height
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it will cause fast growth but shorter as an adult
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What is of higher concentration in the blood testosterone or dihydrosterone
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testosterone
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What cells establish the blood testis barrier
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sertoli cells
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Why are the female and male genetalia analogous
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developed from undifferentiated cell precurors
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What is produced by xx instead of testes
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ovaries which secrete estrogens
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What takes place without testosterone in the labioscrotal swellings
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labia majora forms
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What is the analogous structure to the penis in females
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the clitoris in the labia majora in the uppermost part of the vulva
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What is just below the clitorus
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the urethral opening which urine exits from
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What is the labia minora
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the skin folds surrounding the urethral opening
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What else is in the labia minora
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the vaginal opening
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What are the vagina, fallopian tubes and uterus derrived from
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mullerian cells so there is no homolog male counterpart
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Diagram the internal female anatomy
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vaginal tube, cervix or neck, uterus with innermost lining called endometrium which is responsible for nourishing embryo shed every month, myometrium(smooth muscle), two fallopian tubes, fimbriae(finger like strucutes), ovary.
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Is estrogen needed for the development of female internal anatomy
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no as long as mif isnt there they will develop
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what differs in male/female sexual act
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clitoris,labia minora erect. Bartholin glands secrete lubrication. Orgasm includes cervix widening. no ejaculation. Resolution takes longer
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What takes place in the ovary of an embryo
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germ cells divide mitotically into large numbers of oogonia, doesnt take place till puberty in males
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What happens after 1 month after female infancy
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primary oocyte formation stops
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When does the production of primary oocytes stop in females
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a few months after a female is born
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What happens before and durring the onset of puberty
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the number of oocytes remains constant untill puberty, then at puberty that number decreases. untill menopause-cells live for that long
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what is a polar body
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the cell that gets half the dna and almost no cytoplasm one in each mitotic division
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What is the result of oogenesis from a single oogonia
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1 gamete instead of 4
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At what pt in meiosis are primary oocytes frozen in
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prophase 1 of meiosis 1.
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How many oocytes are stimulated durring menstration
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several, survival of the fittest determines which one lives and becomes a secondary oocyte
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What happens to the secondary oocyte
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it emerges from the ovary and enters the fallopian tube and is ovulated.
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is the secondary oocyte haploid
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yes sir
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When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis 2
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after it has been fertilized and egg extrudes second polar body
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Is the primary oocyte a singel cell
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no it is in a group of cells known as follicles which an oocyte surrounded by granulosa like sertoli cells cells which assist maturation
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What is the difference between primordial follicles and primary follicles
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single layer of granulosa, poliferation of granulosa into severaly layers of mucosa/polysacharides called the zona pellucida
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What are thecal cells and what are there analogs
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they are cells in the ovarian interstitium between follicles and are like leydig cells and respond to LH as well
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What is the Graafian Follicle
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the only follicle that reaches maturation each month
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What happens durring ovulation
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the mature follicle bursts and releases the secondary oocyte with the zona pellucida and granulosa cells into the fallopian tube
granulosa cells known as the corona radiata |
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Where is estrogen made
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it is made and secreted by the granulosa cells with the help of the thecal cells in the first half of the menstral cycle. (both estrogen and projesterone in second half)
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Wat happens durring the menstral cycle with the estrogen and projesterone
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estrogen made in follicle and both made in corpus luteum(small body of follicle cells left behind in ovary). after ovulation. these hormones are responsible for the menstural cycle
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What takes place durring the proliferative phase of the menstral cycle
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Estrogen produced by follicle induces proferation of the endometrium
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When does the secretory phase of menstration occur and what does in entail
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afer ovulation estrogen and progesterone are produced by the corpus lutem further increase the development of the endometrium including secrtetions of glycogen lipids and other material.
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What happens in the menstrual phase
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If pregnancy does not occur secretion of estrogen and progesterone decrease and endometrial lining sloughs out. takes place 28 day cycle
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What happens in the ovary durring the menstrual cycle
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menstration is taking place: follucular phase begins and follicle secretes estrogen. Estrogen stimulates primary oocyte to go through mieosis1 and proliferative effects in endometrium. In ovular phase secondary oocyte is released from ovary
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At what phase does ovulation occur
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in the proliferative phase
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Where is the secondary oocyte in the secretory phase
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in the fallopian tube
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What is the luteal phase
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the analog of secretory phase in which estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation to start secretory phase
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What would happen if estrogen or progesterone was given to a female
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menstration occurs due to drop in corpus luteum estrogens so menstration would not occur without it.
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What is the role of Lh in females
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Secreted by antior pituitary and it is usually inhibited by estrogen, but gradually increasing estrogen of follicular phase stimulates burst of LH that causes ovulation. It induces follicle to become corpus luteum. and secretion of est, prog
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What would happen if Lh levels remained high
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It would impair regression of corpus luteum est, prog would remain high. endometrium would not fall.
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What would happen if estrogen remained high
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ovulation would not occur
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What does FSH do
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allows for the development of the follicle
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Why does the endometrium shed
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fall in estrogen
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Why does corpus luteum degenerate
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due to fall in lh which is due to the feedback inhibition of high levels of estrogen and progesterone
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How is ovulation prevented in pregnancy
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high levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit Lh surge
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What happens to the corpus luteum durring pregnancy
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it fails to degenerate in response to low levels of lh
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What happens durring fertilization
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the embryo is implanted into the endometrium and the placenta develops.
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What is the chorion
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the portion of the placenta that is derrived from the zygote which secrets a hormone that takes the place of lh and maintains corpus letuem called chorionic gonadotropin
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at what day does ovulation usually occur
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day 14
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What happens durring menopause
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no follicle estrogen or progesterone so FSH and LH are very high
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How long will a egg remain fertile
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for 1 day
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What is capacitation
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the dillution of semen inhibitory substances near the cervix
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How long do sperm survive
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3 days
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What must happen before fertilization can occur
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sperm must penetrate the corona radiata and bind and penetrate the vitelline layer(zona pellucida)
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What is the acrosome reaction
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process in which the large vescle in the sperm head releases hydrolytic enzymes by exocytosis
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What is the acrosomal process
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after corona radiata has been penetrate actin(microfillimants) elongate tword the vitelline layer. Bindin(species specific) binds vitelline. membranes fuse and sperm enters secondary oocyte(20mins -meiosis 2 complete)
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What happens after mieosis 2
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ootid/polar body form. ootid matures rapidly and becomes ovum zygote forms
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What is polyspermy and how is it stopped
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penertation by more than one sperm. Prevented by fast block which occurs upon penetration of egg by spermatozoan. Depolarization occurs by ca+2 influx
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What is the slow block
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cortical reaction where swelling of space between vitelline and pm and the hardening of vitelline layer occur due to ca. Ca also changes ph and causes metabolism/protein synthesis to increase.called egg activation
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What is cleavage
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the first stage of embryogenesis where cell produces morula which is same size as zygote skip g1-2 and stay in S and M phase
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What is the blastocyte
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blastulation produces outer cells mass that surround an inner cell mass where the inner cell mass adheres to one side of the cavity outer is trophoblast which creates chorion inner is embryo
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What would happen if two inner cell masses formed
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twins would be born
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When does implantation occur and what is it
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1 week after fertilization, blastocyst implants itself into the endometrium. Tropoblast sectets proteases and allows for blastocyte to sink in and absorb nutrients
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What is the placenta
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it is the organ that allows nutrients, gasses and antibodies across the maternal/embryonic blood stream takes 3 months to occur. HcG is very important here
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What happens if the corpus luteum is removed durring pregnancy
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menstration would occur due to loss of estrogens
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Why is the corpus luteum not needed durring the last six months of pregnancy
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placenta secretes progest, est to maintain endometrium
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What are the structures derrived from the inner cell mass
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amnion(surrounds a fluid filled cavity where embryo rests) amniotic water is here
yolk sac(red blood cell synthesis in embryo) Allantois: embryonic gut and forms blood vessles of umbilical cord. |
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What is gastrulation
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Three germ layers become distinct
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What is the archenteron
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primitive gut
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What is the blastopore
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the whole whish will be the anus
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What gives rise to the gastrula in humans
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the embryonic disk
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Ectoderm
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Nervous system
Posterior pituitary, adrenal medula Cornea, lens Epidermis of skin and hair, nails, sweat glands, sensory receptors nasal oral and anal epithelium |
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Mesoderm
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Muscle, bone, connective tissue
vascular/lymphaic system including blood Uroenital organs(kidney, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts) Dermis |
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Endoderm
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Gi tract epithelium(except mouth and anus)
Gi glands(liver, pancrease, gallbladder) Respitory epithelium Epithelial lining urogenital organs and ducts Anterior pituitary |
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What is neurulation
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formation of the nervous system, pinching of layer of ectoderm
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when does the embryo become a fetus
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by week eight
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What tissue forms the placenta
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choiron
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What is a totipotent cell
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a cell that can become any type of cell
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What is a determined cell
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a celll wit ha fixed fate it proceeds differentiation
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What is differentiation
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visible differences in cells
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What cells have unique genomes
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B cells and T cells and gametes due to reductive division without independant assortment and recombination
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What is parturition
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birth
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What causes contraction
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lowering of progesterone, oxytocin, mechanical stretching
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Describe the contractions
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occur weakly throughout pregnancy, labor contractions are positive feedback reflex. Greater pressure on cervix-causes increase in contraction intensity which causes greater pressure
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What hormones are released in response to cervical stretching
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posterior pituitary releases oxitocin
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What stimulates formation of breasts
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estrogen. Placenta estrogen and prog cause enlargement of breasts. prolacin/oxitocin involved
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What does prolactin do
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it is secreted from anterior pituitary from hypothalamic regulation and causes production of milk
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what does oxitocin do
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causes contractions from post pituitary and also milk let down.
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