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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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primary sex organs or gonads |
are the testes and ovaries in females.
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Gonads
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produce the sex cells or gametes the sperm in males and the ovum in females that fuse form a fertilized egg.
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acessory sex organs |
all other genitalia, including internal glands and ducts that nourish the gametes and transport them toward the outside of the body, and the external sex organs.
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gonads have two functions
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producing sex cells, and they secrete sex hormones and therefore also function as endocrine glands. (hormones signal various physiological responses) |
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1)path that sperm travel to the outside in order
2)accessory sex glands: |
1)duct of epididymis, ductus deferens, the ecjaculatory duct and finally the urethra.
2) empty secretions into sex ducts during ejaculation, include seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourerethral glands |
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Where are the testes located?
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In the scrotum- which is a sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs inferiorly external the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis. Covered with hairs and divided by the septum |
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Development of the testes
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first develop deep in the posterior abdominal wall of the embryo and then migrate down into the scrotum which is external to the body wall. Sperm created away from body bc needs a temp. of 3 degrees cooler than body temp which is normally (37 degrees C) |
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Response of testes to temp
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If too cold pulled toward body and scrotal skin wrinkles to increase thickness and prevent heat loss. Actions performed by two muscles the dartos muscle and the cremaster muscles.
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dartos muscle
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layer of smooth muscle in superficial fascia responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin
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cremaster muscle
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bands of skeletal muscle that extend inferiorly from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk and are responsible for elevating the testes. When hot they relax- >scrotal skin becomes loose and flaccid, more skin surface for cooling and farther away from hot body
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tunica vaginalis |
>serous sac that partially encloses testes within the scrotum. >develops as an outpocketing of the abdominal peritoneal cavity that precedes descending of testes. |
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tunica albuginea
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-just deep to tunica vaginalis- -the fibrous capsule of the testis septal extensions project into to divide testis into lobules each containing seminiferous tubules. |
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seminiferous tubules
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sperm factories. -in lobules of testis created by tunica albuginea Converge to form straight tubule that takes sperm to RETE TESTIS. which is a complex network of tiny branching tubes Rete testis located in a region of dense connective tissue (mediastinum) in posterior part of testis. |
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path of sperm
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1. created in the seminiferous tubules. 2. travel by way of a straight tubule to the 3. rete testis 4. then leave rete testis through about a dozes efferent ductules that 5. enter the epididymis (comma shaped structure that hugs posterior outer surface of testes-where maturation occurs) |
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testes recieve their arterial blood from
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the long testicular arteries which branch from the aorta in the superior abdomen. |
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testicular veins
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roughly parallel testicular arteries - veins arise from a venous network in scrotum called the pampiniform plexus. Veins of the plexus surround arteries like vines to absorb heat from arterial blood cooling it before reaching the testes. This passive mechanism for heat exchange in counter-current heat exchange.
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Innervation of testes |
innervated by both parts of autonomic nervous system. However, have an abundance of visceral sensory nerves that result in agonizing pain and nausea when testes are hit |
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vessels & nerves for testis extend to testis from |
the level of L2 on the posterior abdominal wall |
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histology of seminiferous tubules |
>s. tubules seperated from each other by areolar connective tissue. >Have thick stratified epithelium surrounding a hollow central lumen. >Epithelium consists of spherical spermatogenic cells embedded in columnar sustentocytes ( supporting cells) |
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spermatogenic cells
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make sperm which is called spermatogenesis which begins at puberty.
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stem cells that form sperm
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spermatogonia-lie peripherally on the epithelial basal lamina. Move inward toward lumen where they differentiate sequentially into primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and finally sperm. takes 75 days.
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sustenocytes
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sperm cells surrounded by sustenocytes. Extend from basal lamina to lumen. Assist sperm production in many ways: give nutrients to spermatic cell and move cells toward lumen, phagocytize the cytoplasm that is shed during sperm formation.
Also secrete testicular fluid into lumen which helps push sperm out through tubule and toward testes. |
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myoid cells
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smooth muscle like- surround the seminiferous tubule. they contract, squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through tubules and out of the testes.
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Interstitial cells located in the aroelar connective tissue between seminiferous tubules
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also called LEYDIG cells. Make and secrete the male sex hormones or androgens. Main type of androgen is testosterone. After secreted into nearby blood testosterone circulates and maintains all male sex characteristics and sex organs. When testosterone is secreted by interstitial cells is controlled by luteinizing hormone from the anterior part of pituitary gland.
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straight tubules and rete testis
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are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
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Sperm ultimately leaves testes through the efferent ductules which are lined by
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simple columnar epithelium. The ciliated epithelial cells in efferent ductules and smooth musculature help sperm move along while nonciliated cells absorb most of the testicular fluid. From the efferent ductules sperm enters the duct of epidymis.
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Sperm in not fully functional when leaves the testes, reaches maturation in
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the epidymis.
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Epidymis
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where sperm matures-comma shaped. The head of the epididymis contains efferent ductules which empty into the duct of the epidydimus. Duct is dominated by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. luminal surface has tufts of long microvilli called stereocilia-cilia that don't move. they increase surface area for reabsorbing testicular fluid and for transferring nutrients and secretions to many sperm that are stored in lumen of the epidimys
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Ductus Deferens
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also called vas deferens.
store and transport sperm during ejaculation runs from epididymus superiorly within spermatic cord and through the inguinal canal and enters pelvic cavity wall consists of 1. inner mucosa with same pseudostratified epithelium as the epididymus plus a lamina propria. 2) has thick muscularis and 3) outer adventitial |
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during ejaculation
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smooth muscle in muscularis creates strong peristaltic waves that propel sperm through ductus deferens to the urethra.
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vasectomy
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minor surgery
small incision in both sides of the scrotum, transects both vas deferens and then closes the cut ends, either by fusing them or cauterization. sperm continues to be produced, but can't exit body and phagocytized in epididymis. can have revearsal success rate of 50% many cases can lead to true sterility: can occur if sperm leaks or pressure causes epididymis to burst. then immune system destroys sperm. can distinguish vas deferens from testicular vessels bc has muscular layer that makes it feel hard like wire. |
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spermatic cord
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ductus deferens (vas deferens) is the largest portion of the spermatic cord: which is a tube of fascia that also contains the testicular vessels and nerves.
Inferior part lies in scrotum and superior part runs through inguinal canal, partially formed by inguinal ligament. Medial opening of inguinal canal is the superficial inguinal ring |
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inguinal hernea
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deep inguinal ring and area of fascia medial to it are week areas in the abdominal wall; coils of intenstine or greater omentum can be forced anteriorly through these areas into inguinal canal sometimes pushing all the way into the scrotum. this is an inguinal hernea. Can be caused by lifting or strain-which raises the inter-abdominal pressure and forces herniated elements through the body wall. Most pop back however a few remain and can strangle blood supply and led to potentially fatal gangrene. Surgically repaired by closing off enlarged opening or with prosthetic patch
far less commmon in females bc much more narrow |
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urethra of males.
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in males carries sperm from ejaculatory ducts to outside body. three parts: prostatic urethra in prostate, membranous urethra in the urogenital diaphram and spongy urethra in penis. Mucosa of spongy urethra contains urethral glands that secrete mucujs that helps lubricate the urethra just before ejaculation
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accessory glands in males
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the seminal vesicles, single prostate, and bulbourethral glands. produce the bulk of semen-sperm plus secretions of acessory glands and ducts
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seminal vesicles
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or seminal glands lie on posterior surface of bladder. very folded, internally folded into honeycomb crypts and lining epithelium is secretory pseudostratified columnar epithelium. External wall composed of fibrouse capsule of dense connective tissue surrounding thick smooth muscle.. Contracts during ejaculation to empty gland.
-secretions are 60% of semen -viscous fluid containing 1) sugar fructose and other nutrients to nourish sperm. 2)prostaglandins stimulate contratriction of uterus to help move sperm 3) suppressants of female immune system against semen. 4) subst. that help sperm motility 5. enzymes that clot in the vagina then liquify to let sperm swim out fluid has yellow pigment visible under fluorescentsd |
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Prostate
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encircles first part of urethra right under bladder. has main, submucosal and mucosal glads. embedded in a mass of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle called fibromuscular stroma. Prostate surrounded by connective tissue capsule. contract to squeeze prostatic secretion into urethra.
prostatic secretion 1/3 of semen. milky, many of same things made here that made in seminal vesicles. Enzyme that liquifies is a prostate specific antigen. measure levels of this "psa" to look for prostate cancer |
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benign prostatic hyperplasia
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common, noncancerous tumor. uncontrolled growth in deeb mucosal glands in prostate and proliferation of near stroma cells. Can lead to urinary retention, urine dribble, uti's and formation of kidney stones.
diagnosis: look at urination patterns. then use digital rectum exam to see if prostate enlarged-stick finger in anal cavity to feel prostate. also get blood test to check levels of psa (will only be mildly elevated, will be greatly elevated if have cancer) treatment: drugs that inhibit testosterone-bc tumor cells depend on or drugs that relax smooth muscle of prostate. If doesn't help ease of urination prostate is either surgically removed in a TRANSURETHRAL PROSTATECTOMY or destroyed by head.1 |
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some other minor probz with prostates
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susceptible to tumors, infections from std's, and Prostatitis which is inflammation of the prostate.
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inferior to prostate are the
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bublourethral glands-produce a mucus before ejaculation. this mucus neutralizes any traces of acidity from urine and lubricates
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tip of the penis is named
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the glans penis
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skin covering penis
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prepuce or foreskin
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circumcision
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surgical removal of foreskin performed shortly after birth. can reduce risk of penile cancer and infections of glans, urethra, and urinary tract
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penis internally has three erectile tissues and the spongy urethra
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called erectile bodies-thich tubes covered in sheaths of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle. around spongy urethra is the corpus spongiosum. corpora cavernosa make up most of the mass of penis.
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main vessels and nerves lie near
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dorsal midline.
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phases of male sexual response
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1. erection-engorgement of erectile bodies with blood. during sexual stimulation, PARASYMPATHETIC innervation dilates arteries that supply erectile bodies. smooth muscle relaxes and allows bodies to expand. As arteries expand press on veins that would normally drain retaining engorgement. collagen fibers in dense connective tissue outside of erectile bodies strenghthens penis during erection. longitudinal fibers run lenghth of penis at right angles-resists bending forces 2. ejaculation is under SYMPATHETIC CONTROL- begins with strong sympathetically induced crontraction of smooth musculature throughout ducts and glands squeezing semen toward urethra
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perineum
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contains scrotum, root of penis, and anus
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spermatogenesis
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formation of sperm; occurs in seminiferous tubules-
1)formation of spermatocytes- spermatogonia are sperm stem cells-lovated on outermost region of tubule on the epithelial basal lamina. divide vigorously and continuously by mitosis. forms two types of daughter cells: Type A which remain in basal lamina to keep regenerating and Type B which move toward lumen to become primary spermatocytes. 2. Meiosis: undergo meiosis-cell division that reduces number of chromosomes found in typical body cell-half the nuber. Two successive divisions of nucleus, meiosis 1 and 2, reduce number to 23 chromosomes -this makes sure diploid is reached at fertilization by a haploid sperm and haploid egg to form diploid zygote, or fertilized egg cells undergoing meiosis 1 are primary spermatocytes, these cells produce two secondary spermatocytes that undergo meiosis two and produce spermatids. therefore result in four haploid spermatids 3. spermiogenesis- spermatids differentiate into sperm undergoes process that fashions a tail and sheds cytoplasm. resulting sperm has head, midpiece, and tail |
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head of sperm
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contains nucleus with highly condensed chromatin surrounded by helmet like acrosome-this contains enzymes that enable sperm to penetrate egg.
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midpiece of sperm
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rich in mitochondria that produce atp
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tail of sperm
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elaborate flagellum. mitochondria produced by midpiece used by tail to provide energy that allows tail to whip and propel sperm.
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sustenocytes
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surround spermatognic cells. bound to each other by tight junctions and divide seminiferous tubules into two compartments.
A) basal compartment-from basal lamina to tight junctions and contains spermatagonia and earliest spermatocytes. B)Adluminal compartment- lies internal to the tight junctions and includes advanced spermatocytes. tight junction constitute the blood testis barrier- protests sperm from immune system attack. sperm and late stage spermatocytes produce unique membrane proteins which immune system identifies as foreign |
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spermatogenesis controlled by
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stimulating action of the hormones: follicle stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary gland and testosterone.
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menstrual cycle
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body undergoes changes according to a reproductive cycle 28 days long
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the gonads of the female reproductive system are
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produce uvum
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accessory ducts of female reprod. system
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uterine tubes-where fertilization occurs
-uteris:where embryo develops -vagina: birth canal and recieves penis external genitalia referred to as vulva |
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female ovaries
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lie agains pelvis-surrounded by peritoneal cavity and held in the horizontal by mesentaries and ligamends
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mesentary of the ovary is
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mesovarium
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uterine wall
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outermost layer is the perimetrium, middle layer myometrium, and the inner layer is the endometrium which is a mucosal lining. simple
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two parts of the endometrium
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functional layer toward inside is made of functional layer``
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ovarian cycle three phases
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follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase
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follicular phase
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1. cortex has primordial follicles
2. Each one has an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat supportive cells called follicular cells 3. At beginning of cycle 6 to 12 primordial start growing initiating follicular phase . beyond smallest stages growth stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone FSH secreted from pituitary gland 4.folliclular cells become cuboidal and oocyte grows larger now called primary follicle 5.follicular cells multiply to form a stratified epithelium around oocyte then called granulosa cells 6..oocyte develops glycoprotein coat called zona pellucid a-protective sheath that sperm will penetrate. 7.granulosa cells continue to divide-layer of connective tissue called theca folliculia condenses around -has internal cells that secrete hormones that are stimulated by luteinizing hormone to secrete male hormones then converted to estrogens. 8.estrogen secreted into blood stream, stimulate the growth and activity of all female sex organs. also signals uterine mucosa to repair itself after menstrual cycle.` 4.clear liquid gathers between granulosa cells and coalesces to form a fluid filled cavity called the antrum-now called antral follicle. 5. antrum expands until isolates oocyte and surrounding coat is corona radiata 6.one follicle attains full size the mature ovarian follicle is ready to be ovulated. |
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ovulation
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1.oocyte exits from ovaries into peritoneal cavity-swept into uterine tube.
2.ovulation signaled by erlease of large quantity of luteinizing hormone 3ovarian wall over follicle bulges, thins, and oozes fluid, wall ruptures and oocyte exits surrounded by corona radiata |
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luteal phase
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-part of follicle still in ovary collapses and and wall thrown into wavy folds then called corpus luteum
-not degenerative structure but becomes an endocrine glad that perisists through luteal phase. -secretes estrogens and progesterones that signals mucosa of uterus to prepare for implantation of the embryo -if no implantation dies and becomes a scar called corpus albicans eventually phagocytized by macrophages |
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OOgenis
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process that produces ova
includes chromosome reduction divisions takes yrs 1.stem cells called oogonia rise to the female's lifetime supply of oocytes which are arrested in an early stage of meiosis 1-called primary oocyte 2.stay this way until ovulated from follicle then finishes meiosis 1 and enters meiosis as a-secondary oocyte does not finish meiosis 2 until sperm penetrates only called ovum afterthis typically produces 4 daughter cells large ovum and polar bodies polar bodies degenerate |
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uterine cycle
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-the menstrual cycle
-involves endometrium in response to changing levels of ovarian hormones 3 phases of uterine cycle 1. menstrual phase-functional layer shed 2.proliferative phase-functional layer rebuilds 3. secretory phase endometrium prepares for implantation of embrio |
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endometriosis
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fragments of endometrial tissue present in uterine tubes, on ovary and in peritoneum of pelvic cavity
-reflux of menstrual fluid spreads endometrial cells from uterus through uterine tubes -bc uterine tubes open into peritoneum, endometrial cells may also spread to peritoneum pain associated with menstruation is extreme bc endometrial fragments respond to circulating ovarian hormones by building up endometrial tissue and bleeding -blood accumulates in pelvic cavity, forms cysts and exerts pressure. infertility when ectopic endometrial tissue covers ovaries or blocks uterine tubes treatment stops estrogens and suppresses menstration use lasers to vaporize patches, also hysterectomies -can cause infertility wh |
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vagina
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thin walled tube under uterus
birth canal wall has three coats- outer adventitia, muscularis of smooth muscle and inner mucosa has folds these folds stimulate penis and flatten during childbirth mucosa has lamina propria that has elastic fibers that helps vagina return to original shape also has stratified epitheliam to withstand friction and prevent infection glycogen from epithelial cell shed into lumen and are fermented by bacteria into lactic acid to discourage growth of harmful bacteria |
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external opening of vagina
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vaginal orifice-hymen around
hymen can be ruptured during intercourse and bleed |
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external genitalia of vagina
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vulva or pudendum include mons pubis, labia, labia, clitoris
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mons pubis of vagina
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fatty rounded pad over pubic symphisis pubic hair covers extending posteria is the labia major-
-skin folds long fatty- enclose the labia minor which enclose the vestibule housing external openings of urethra and vag. |
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greater vestibular glands
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on sides of vagina-secrete lubricating mucus into orfice
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clitoris
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erectile tissue swells with blood stimulation-has glans and body hooded by prepuces of clitoris
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central tendon or perineal body
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knob is insertion tenton to most muscles that support pelvic floor
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episiotomy
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bc of proximity to vag, central tendon sometimes torn in childbirth
tear can be jagged and heal poorly-weakens pelvic floor muscles and organs sink to avoid get an episiotomy- orfice widened by cut through fourchette when baby head appears -straight incision made either strate through central tendon or lateral -after birth stitched to heal said performed unnecessarily and painful while heal |
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mammary glands
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in breast
modified sweat glands in both sexes only function in lactating fmales -embryonically form as part of skin base extends from second rib to sixth rib muscles deep to are pectoralis major and minor |
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nipple
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central protruding area
surrounded by ring of pigmented skin-areola- during nursing sebaceous glands in areola produce sebum that keeps nipple from chapping or cracking |
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internally of mammary gland
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consists of lobes each which is a distinct compound alveolar gland opening at nipple.
lobes seperated by adipose tissue and interlobular that form suspensory ligaments of breasts-provide support lobes have lobules with alveoli and acini clusters -have milk secreting cells from alveoli, milk passes through progressively larger ducts until reaches largest lactiferous ducts just deep to nipple. lactiferous sinus-where milk accumulates during nursing |
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puberty and the breasts
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at puberty ducts grow and branch but lobules and alveoli still absent
breast enlargent due to fat deposits glandular alveoli form halfway through pregnance and milk prod starts few days after childbirth |
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Pregnancy
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1.sperm have proteins called olfactory receptors that respond to chemicals
2.cells in female tract release signals to direct sperm. 3. when reach oocyte bind to receptors on zona pellucida and undergo acrosomal reaction-release of digestive enzymes from acrosomes 4.digest a slit sperm riggles in 5. plasma membrane of sperm fuses with oocyte and sperm nucleus engulfed by oocyte cytoplasm 6. fusion induces cortical reaction-granules in oocyte secrete enzymes into extra -cellular space beneath zona pellucida- alter it and keep sperm out 7.fertilization occurs when chromosomes come together 8.zygote cleaves/ cell division 9. fourth day after blastocyst enters uterus |
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implantation in uterine wall
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blastocyst floats then part of zona pellucida opens and squeezes through
then 6 days after implants in wall-burrows into endometrium blastocyst consists of outer trophoblast and inner cell mass. trophoblast provides embryo with nourishment from uterus. -in first stages of implantation cells proliferate makes two layers-inner layer cytotrophoblast-cell proliferation occurs and outer-syncytiotrophoblast- syncytiotrophoblsat-projects into endometrium and digests uterine cells it contacts |
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ovarian cancer
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arises in germinal epithelium covering ovary
few symptom until enlarges and causes pressure and change in bowel movements metastasis through blood and lymphatic vessels more common in women with many ovulations bc extensive cell division can diagnose by: -feeling mass during pelvic exam -ultrasound probe in vag -blood test for protein associated with ovarian cancer -remove ovary, uterine tubes and uteris followed by radiotherapy and chemo hard to detect |
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endometrial cancer
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arises in endometrium of uterus (usually uterine glands)
bleeding from vag obesity and menopausal estrogen replacement can put you at risk -find with ultrasound probe in the vag to detect endometrial thickening and an endometrial biopsy -remove uterus and pelvic irriation -high cure rate bc can be detected early |
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Cervical cancer
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-slow growing
-arises in epithelium covering tip of cervix -caused by HPV often -if confined to cervix removed by freezing or laser high survival rate -if has spread radiation and chemo -gardasil is vaccine against hpv:doesn't work against all types -can catch with a pap smear-most effective way to catch early |
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breast cancer
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second biggest women cancer killer
arises from smallest ducts in lobules need monthly breast exams to detect lumps, change in shape, scaling on nipple or areola, nipple discharge, dimpling or weird breast texture -genetic influence, late menopause early puberty, birth after thirty, estrogen replacement all other factors besides genetic due to excess estrogen which stimulate division -metastasizes quickly through lymphatix vessels to axilly and parasternal lymph nodes. If reaches lungs or liver survival heavily declines -women over 40 mammogram-breast xray -if see mass biopsied to determine if cancer, if some are axillary lymph nodes removed and examined for cancer-more affected indicates metastasis -radical mastectomy-removal of entire breast plus underlying everything-only in super advanced cases -lumpectomy-standard-removal of cancerous mass plas a small rim of surrounding tisssue followed by radiation and hormones chemo. |
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embryonic development of sex organs
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-dev. of gonads for both sexes begin at week five
-masses of intermediate mesoderm(gonadal ridges) form bulges on dorsal abdominal wall -mesonephric ducts (future male ducts) develop medial to paramesonephric ducts (female dufts) -both sets of ducts empty into cloaca(future bladder and urethra) -at time sexually indifferent -primordial germ cells migrate to lumps seed developing gonads with future spermatogonia or oogonia then gonadal ridges differentiate into testis or ovaries -based on presence or absence of male inducing signal-SRY protein |
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male diffferentiation
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-begin @ week 7
-testes cords (future seminiferous tubules) grow from gonadal surface into inner part where connect to mesonephric duct via nephrons that become efferent ductules -with further development mesonephric duct will become: epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct. paramesonephric ducts play no part in male development and just degenate |
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female differentiation
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begins in week 8
-outer or cortical part of immature ovaries form ovarian folllicles then paramesonephric ducts differentiate into most structures of female duct system |
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Beginning of external genitalia
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-develop from identical structures in both sexes
-both male and female embryos have small projection called genital tubercle -urogenital sinus of cloaca (future urethra and bladder) lies deep in tubercle and -urerthral groove is opening of urogenital sinus btw tubercle and anus -urethral gloove flanked by urethral folds and labioscrotal swellings |
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week 8 external genitalia start to rapidly develop and differentiate
MALES |
males:
genital tubercle enlarges forming most of penis (glans and erectile bodies) and urethral folds fuse in midline to form penile urethra labioscrotal swellings also join at midline to form scrotum |
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week 8 external genitalia start to rapidly develop and differentiate
FEMALES |
- genital tubercle becomes clitoris
-urethral folds become labia minor and -labioscrotal swelings became labia major -urethral groove persists as vestibule |
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hypospadias
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most common congenital abnormality of male urethra
fail of urethral fold to fuse completely, producing urethral openings on penile undersurface more urine exits from underside than tip corrected surgically around age 1 |
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descent of the gonads
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in both sexes gonads originate in dorsal body wall of lumbar region and then descend during fetal period.
-in male go to scrotum followed by vessels and nerves -fingerlike outpocketing of peritoneal cavity-vaginal process pushes through muscles of anterior abdominal wall to form inguinal canal -testes descend no more until month 7 when suddenly pass quickly through inguinal canal and enter scrotum -when reach scrotum, proximal part of each vaginal process closes off. i |
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congenital inguinal hernia
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vaginal process does not close at all, open path to scrotum constitues rout for an inguinal hernia into vaginal process
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most likely cause for descent of testis
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theory focuses on fibrous cord called gubernaculum which extends caudally from testis to floor of scrotal sac andshortens
- may be helped by intra abdominal pressure that pushes testis into scrotum -also stimulated by testosterone |
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cryptorchidism-
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-congenital
-one or both testis don't descend -sterility bc temp too hot for vital sperm -interstitial cells do secrete testosterone however surgical correction from 6 to 18 months of age recommended to avoid damage to sperm forming cells. If uncorrected have increased chance of cancer |
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descent of the ovaries |
descend during fetal development but only into pelvis
broad ligaments block any further descent ovaries guided by gubernaculum |
