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111 Cards in this Set
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match the organism:
white discharge with bready odor; germ tubes and pseudohyphae microscopically |
CANDIDIASIS
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yellow green discharge with a putrid odor; darting trichomonads microscopically
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TRICHOMONIASIS
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grey-white fishy smelling discharge with clue cells microscopically
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BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
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What organism causes Trichomoniasis and what is the DOC?
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Trichomonas vaginalis
DOC: metronidazole |
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What is the DOC for a "yeast" infection?
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miconazole
2nd line = fluconazole |
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Overgrowth of bacteria natural to the vagina cause bacterial vaginosis; especially which two?
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Gardnerella and Mobiluncus
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What is the DOC for bacterial vaginosis ?
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metronidazole
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(+) Whiff test can raise your suspicion for which vulvovaginitis?
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bacterial vaginosis
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What is the organism and DOC for Gonorrhea?
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Neisseria gonorrheae
DOC: ceftriaxone |
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This venereal disease causes purulent dischage and if left untreated in the female, will ascend to cause PID
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Gonorrhea
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What are the TWO great "ascenders"?
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Neisseria gonorrheae and Chlamydia trachomatis
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This venereal disease is often carried asymptomatically in the rectum? What is the cause and DOC?
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Trichomoniasis
Trichomonas vaginalis DOC: metronidazole |
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How is chlamydia trachomatis treated?
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Doxycycline
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Infectious urethritis in the male d/t anything but gonorrhea
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Non-gonococcal urethritis
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This venereal disease is primarily in the tropics and hits the lymph nodes ... What is the disease and what is it caused by?
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Lymphogranuloma venereum
DOC: doxycycline |
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This venereal disease hits the groin and blocks the inguinal area; the visualized etiologic bacterium in a macrophage = Donovan body
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Granuloma inguinale
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What is the cause of Granuloma inguinale?
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Klebsiella granulomatis (also known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis or Donovania granulomatis)
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What 2 other names is Klebsiella granuloatis also known as?
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Donovania granulomatis and Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
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On a microscopic exam you see "school of fish" what is the disease?
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Chancroid
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What is Chancroid due to and what is the DOC?
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d/t Hemophilus ducreyi
DOC: ceftriaxone |
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Is a chancre due to Hemophilus ducreyi PAINLESS or PAINFUL?
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PAINFUL
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What is the causative agent of Syphilis? and what is the DOC?
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Treponema pallidum
DOC: penicillin G |
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a hard syphilitic chancre is PAINLESS or PAINFUL?
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PAINLESS
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What are the 3 stages of syphilis?
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1)painless hard chancre
2)maculopapular red rash on palms, condyloma lata on genitals 3) gummas, tabes dorsalis, psychosis, dementia, leutic aneurysm, aortitis, aortic regurg. |
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On biopsy you see epithelial cells with perinuclear clearing... what is the name of this cell and what are they a hallmark of?
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Koilocytes; hallmark of HPV infection of any type
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Painless genital warts usually caused by HPV 6 & 11 is known as what?
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Condyloma acuminatum
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What allows for epithelial cell overgrowth by HPV viruses?
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viral genes E6 and E7 interfere with normal function of p53 and RB tumor suppressor genes
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What is the treatment for Condyloma acuminatum?
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cryotherapy
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What is genital herpes due to?
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HSV 1 or 2
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What will you see with a (+) Tzank test and what does it screen for?
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will see multi-nucleated giant cells; screens for genital herpes
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What is the DOC for genital herpes?
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acyclovir
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This venereal disease is characterized by exquisitely painful fluid-filled vesicles that erupt in a group on an erythematous base and tend to go latent and then recur?
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Genital herpes
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What will occur if Chlamydial cervicitis is untreated?
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cause PID in females
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What is the #1 most common germ cell testicular tumor?
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Seminoma
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What is the #2 most common germ cell testicular tumor and what is the prognosis?
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Embryonal; poor prognosis
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Is the teratoma in the testicle usually benign or malignant?
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MALIGNANT
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This stromal sex cord tumor produces excess testosterone and can cause gynecomastia if it occurs post-puberty?
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Leydig cell tumor
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This testicular stromal sex cord tumor is also known as an androblastoma and is usually benign
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Sertoli cell tumor
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Common ovarian tumor in females >20
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surface epithelium ovarian tumors
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Common ovarian tumors in females <20
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Germ cell tumors of the ovary
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This cystic tumor is lines with cells like fallopian tube epithelium ?
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serous
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This ovarian tumor accounts for about half of all ovarian carcinomas and are often bilateral
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serous cystadenocarcinomas
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This cystic tumor is lines with columnar cells that produce mucus
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mucinous
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Which surface epithelium tumor of the ovary may yield pseudomyxoma peritonei (rupture of the cyst to produce multiple tumor implants)?
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mucinous
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Surface epithelium tumor of the ovary also known as celioblastoma and comprised of cells like those found in bladder epithelium?
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Brenner
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What are the 4 major types of germ cell tumors of the ovary?
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1) teratoma
2) dysgerminoma 3) endodermal sinus tumor 4) choriocarcinoma |
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What is the other name for a mature teratoma in the female ovary?
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Dermoid cyst
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This unusual variant of a mature teratoma has only 1 tissue element
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struma ovarii
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This germ cell tumor of the ovary is comprised of 2 or more germ layers and is usually benign the mature form comprises 90% of all germ cell tumors of the ovary
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TERATOMA
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This stromal sex cord tumor is female secreted large quantities of estrogen and is (+) for Call-Exner bodies
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Granulosa-theca cell
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Granulosa -theca cells also have to be worked up for what? because of their association?
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Endometrial CA because of their association with causing secondary endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial CA
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This stromal sex cord tumor of the ovary produces large quantities of testosterone and causes virilization in the female
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sertoli-Leydig cell
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What is virilization of the female associated with Sertoli-Leydig cell and is it reversible?
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clitoromegaly, hirsutism, deepening of voice - IRREVERSIBLE
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A benign tumor of spindle-shaped fibroblasts that can cause Meig's syndrome
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Fibroma
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What is Meig's syndrome?
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can be caused by a fibroma;
ascited, pleural effusion, + the ovarian tumor |
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Tumor in ovary that developed from cells that metastasized from elsewhere, and is characterized by bilateral replacement of ovaries with mucin-producing signet-ring cells
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Krukenberg tumor
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What is the cell of the Krukenberg tumor?
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signet-ring cell
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Endometrial polyps are often asymptomatic, estrogen sensitive and benign?
TRUE or FALSE |
TRUE
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What are the risk factors (10) of endometrial hyperplasia?
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>40 yo
nulliparity late menopause earle menarche obesity diabetes (type II) hypertension estrogen treatment granulosa-theca cell tumor PCOS |
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What is the #1 invasive CA of female genital tract?
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Endometrial Carcinoma
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What are the typical causes (4) of cervicitis?
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Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatis
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Are cervical polyps neoplastic?
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NON- neoplastic
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CIN has a major association with which types of HPV? (5)
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HPV types 16,18, 30s, 40s and 50s series
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This precancerous condition in the cervix usually involves the squamocolumnar junction?
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CIN - cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
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Which two tumor suppressor genes does HPV inhibit?
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p53 and RB
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What are the 2 older terms for CIN?
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Cervical dysplasia and cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS)
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What is the treatment for CIN I?
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cryotherapy, laser, or loop electric excision procedure (LEEP)
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What is the treatment for CIN II and III?
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cone biopsy
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Which types of CIN are low greade and which types are high grade?
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CIN I - low grade
CIN II and III - high grade |
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Which type of CIN is mild dysplasia of the UPPER LAYER of the cervical epithelium?
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CIN I
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Which type of CIN affects various cells thought the entire epithelial thickness?
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CIN II
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Which type of CIN replaces the entire cervical epithelial layer with neoplastic cells but demonstrates no invasion beyond the basement membrane?
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CIN III
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What represents neoplastic development of cervical epithelium with invasion through underlying basement membrane?
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Invasive Cervical Carcinoma
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Which stage of invasive carcinoma has extended to pelvic wall?
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Stage 3
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Which stage of invasive carcinoma is confined to the cervix?
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Stage 1
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Which stage of invasive carcinoma extends beyond the cervix but not onto the pelvic wall and if it involves the vagina, it does not involve the lower 1/3rd ?
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Stage 2
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Which stage of invasive carcinoma has extended beyong the pelvic wall or has involved bladder or rectal mucosa +/- metastases?
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Stage 4
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PCOS is thought to be due to excess of which hormone?
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Luteinizing hormone
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Chronic anovulation with symptoms of androgen excess along with obesity is characteristic of what benign uterine disorder?
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PCOS - polycystic ovarian Syndrome
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PCOS is also referred to as what?
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Stein-Levanthal Syndrome
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Increased LH in PCOS stimulates which ovarian cells? to produce what?
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Theca cells to produce androstenedione
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The increased androgen in PCOS causes what? (2)
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acne and hirsutism
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Clinically, PCOS patients present with what? (4)
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infertility, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, acne, and hirsutism (plus, usually obesity and potential for Type II DM)
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Are androstenedione, testosterone, and estrone high or low in PCOS?
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HIGH
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what is the LH:FSH ratio in PCOS?
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>2:1
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What is the #1 site for the presence and proliferation of non-neoplastic endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity?
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Endometriosis;
#1 site is OVARY |
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What are the 3 D's of Endometriosis?
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dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dysparenia
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In what benign uterine disorder can you see "chocolate cysts" ?
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Endometriosis
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What is the #1 uterine tumor and the overall #1 tumor in women?
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Uterine Leiomyoma
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What is a benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus?
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fibroid or Uterine Leiomyoma
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This benign uterine disorder is most common in blacks, anc can cause abnormal menstrual bleeding, urinary frequency, and postpartum hemorrhage?
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Uterine Leiomyoma
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Hydatidiform mole is also known as what? (4)
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mole, molar pregnancy, GTN, gestational trophoblastic neoplasm
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What is a "complete mole"?
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formed from 2 X-chromosome containing sperm that have fretilized 1 enucleate ovum;
COMPLETELY paternal and does not form an embryo |
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What is an "incomplete mole"?
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formed from the fertilization of 1 ovum with 2 or more sperm; male and female contribution, embryo develops
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If a patient has a very high beta-hCG and the uterus is larger than expected for gestational age what may she have?
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molar pregnancy
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This malignant neoplasm of trophoblastic cells (placenta) is associated with frequent and early metastases
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Choriocarcinoma
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Very high beta-hCG with late findings of irregular spotting of brown, bloody foul-smelling fluid is characteristic of what?
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Choriocarcinoma
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This benign breast tumor usually occurs at <30 yo, is a single, mobile and marble-shaped "stromal tumor"
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Fibroadenoma
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This benign "stromal tumor" usually occurs at >60 yo and rapidly becomes a huge, log-shaped tumor
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Phylloides tumor
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This benign "epithelial tumor" has nipple discharge that is frequently bloody or serous
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Intraductal papilloma
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What are the 5 types of DCIS?
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comedocarcinoma
solid cribriform papillary micropapillary |
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Malignant breast tumor of ductal epithelial cells that has not crossed over the basement membrane
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ductal carcinoma in situ - DCIS
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What is the most common breast CA?
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invasive ductal carcinoma
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This malignant breast tumor is often "scirrhous" (hard), may show peau d'orange, nipple retration, and dimpling?
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Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
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This rare tumor tends to be bilateral, never forms calcifications or masses, and signet-ring cells are common?
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Lobular Carcinoma in situ
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A form of DCIS that actually extends from the nipple ducts into the contiguous nipple skin and areola; fissured, ulcerated, oozing, hyperemic, edematous nipple
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Paget's disease of the nipple
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What type of breast cancer is often associated with BRCA1 gene mutation and occurs in young women?
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Medullary Carcinoma
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A spiculated density with irregular infiltration of surrounding tissue on mammogram can indicate what?
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Invasive ductal or tubular breast cancer
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What type of breast cancers never produce calcifications?
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Lobular
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What is the most common malignant breast disease associated with calcifications?
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DCIS
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Important oncogenes in breast cancer?
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c-erb-B2 (HER-2/neu)
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