Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How many chromosomes do 'HUMANS' have? How many pairs does this equal out to?
|
"46 CHROMOSOMES
|
|
|
How many pairs of the '23 PAIRS' of chromosomes determines the 'SEX' of the offspring?
|
ONLY 1 PAIR
|
|
|
What chromosome pair combination determines a 'MALE'?
|
XY
|
|
|
What chromosome pair combination determines a 'FEMALE'?
|
XX
|
|
|
The 'EGG' carries what type(s) of 'SEX CHROMOSOME(S)'?
|
X ONLY
|
|
|
The 'SPERM' carries what type(s) of 'SEX CHROMOSOME(S)'?
|
X AND Y
|
|
|
What do these genes control? (*2 Main things)"
|
"~100+
|
|
|
Which 'SEX CHROMOSOME' gets 'short-changed' and does NOT have very many genes?
|
Y CHROMOSOME
|
|
|
What does 'GONADAL DEVELOPMENT' depend on?
|
Y CHROMOSOME
|
|
|
What are the 'GONADS?
|
"TISSUE THAT CAN GO IN EITHER DIRECTION DEPENDING ON THE 'SEX CHROMOSOME PAIR'
|
|
|
There are 2 reasons why the presence of the 'Y CHROMOSOME' results in a male. What are the 2 reasons?
|
"1. (SRY)SEX-DETERMINING REGION Y GENE
|
|
|
The development of 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES' depends on the 'PRESENCE'/'ABSENCE' of what hormone?
|
TESTOSTERONE
|
|
|
Ovaries CAN secrete androgens."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
There are 2 'DUCTS' that cause the formation of 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES'. What are the 2 ducts?
|
"1. WOLLFIAN DUCTS = MALES
|
|
|
Up until what point of embryonic development does the baby have both 'WOLLFIAN DUCTS/MULLERIAN DUCTS'?
|
UNTIL WEEK 7
|
|
|
What are 'WULFFIAN DUCTS'. What do they determine and how are they determined?
|
"WOLLFIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL MALE STRUCTURE FORMATION
|
|
|
What are 'MULLERIAN DUCTS'. What do they determine and how are they determined?
|
"MULLERIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL FEMALE STRUCTURES
|
|
|
There are 2 more hormones that play a role in SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT besides 'TESTOSTERONE'. What are the 2 hormones?
|
"1. MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR
|
|
|
What hormone is secreted by the 'PLACENTA' and is also considered to be the 'STIMULUS' for early testicular secretion of 'TESTOSTERONE'?
|
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
|
|
|
'TESTOSTERONE' induces development of the 'WOLFFIAN DUCTS' into what?
|
"1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
|
|
|
'MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR' causes what to occur? Who does this happen to? Where is this secreted from?
|
"REGRESSION OF MULLERIAN DUCTS
|
|
|
If an 'EMBRYO' is not exposed to 'TESTOSTERONE' and 'MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR', what occurs?
|
"WOLFFIAN DUCTS REGRESS
|
|
|
The 'EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES' in 'MALES' require what hormone to be present?
|
(DHT) - DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE
|
|
|
What happens if a baby is 'XY' but the 'TESTES' don't have 'RECEPTORS' or will NOT secrete 'TESTOSTERONE'?
|
THE BABY WILL PHYSICALLY BE FEMALE BUT BE A 'GENETIC MALE'.
|
|
|
At what point do the 'MALE'/'FEMALE' reproductive organs look the same?
|
UP TO 8 WEEKS
|
|
|
The 'DIFFERENTATION OF 'MALE'/'FEMALE BRAIN' depends on the absence/presence of what 'HORMONE' during a critical period.
|
TESTOSTERONE
|
|
|
What does the absence of 'TESTOSTERONE' during a critical period lead to the development of?
|
FEMALE BRAIN
|
|
|
What are the differences of the 'FEMALE/MALE BRAIN'? (*There are 3)
|
"1. SIZE OF HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
|
|
|
What is 'PUBERTY'. About how long does it last?
|
"SEXUAL MATURITY / REPRODUCTION BECOMES POSSIBLE
|
|
|
The age of 'MENARCHE' (First Menstruation Period) is occuring slower/faster from previous times?
|
"FASTER
|
|
|
The lowering of the age at 'MENARCHE' (First Menstruation Period) may be caused by what? (*MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE)
|
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
|
|
|
There are 7 things that happen during 'MALE PUBERTY'. What are they?
|
"1. SPERM/TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
|
|
|
7. THICKENING/STRENGTHENING OF BONES"
|
MALE PUBERTY
|
|
|
'TESTOSTERONE' has seveal non-reproductive actions. There are 3 of them. What are they?
|
"1. BONE GROWTH STIMULATION
|
|
|
There are 6 things that happen during 'FEMALE PUBERTY'. What are they?
|
"1. OVA/ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
|
|
|
What is the approximate age of puberty for 'MALES'?
|
9-14 BOYS
|
|
|
What is the approximate age of puberty for 'FEMALES'?
|
8-13 FEMALES
|
|
|
6. INCREASED VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN"
|
FEMALE PUBERTY
|
|
|
What are the causes for this to occur?"
|
"EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS W/OUT GAMETOGENESIS
|
|
|
'PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY' is often caused by what?
|
TUMORS OF THE GONADS OR ADRENAL GLANDS
|
|
|
What is 'DELAYED PUBERTY' in 'FEMALES' considered to be?
|
"LATE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBERTY CHARACTERISTICS
|
|
|
What is 'DELAYED PUBERTY' in 'MALES' considered to be?
|
"LATE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBERTY CHARACTERISTICS
|
|
|
What is the temperature in the 'SCROTUM' compared to body temperature? Why?
|
"SEVERAL DEGREES LOWER
|
|
|
'SPERMATOGENSIS' canNOT occur at normal body temperature"
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
The 'TESTES' are divided into what?
|
TESTICULAR LOBULES
|
|
|
How many compartments do 'TESTICULAR LOBULES' have?
|
~250 COMPARTMENTS
|
|
|
'TESTICULAR LOBULES' contain 2 things. What are the 2 things and do they produce?
|
"1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES = SPERM PRODUCTION
|
|
|
'SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES' also contain what type of cells that help 'NURTURE' sperm cells?
|
SERTOLI CELLS
|
|
|
Where are 'LEYDIG CELLS' located? What do they do?
|
"LOCATED OUTSIDE OF THE 'SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES'
|
|
|
What are some of the characteristics of the 'EPIDIDYMIS'? (* There are 3)
|
"1. SMALL COILED TUBE
|
|
|
Where is the 'EPIDIDYMIS' located?
|
TOP AND SIDE OF 'TESTES'
|
|
|
A 'SPERM'S' capacity to fertilize is enhanced by what?
|
EXPOSURE TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT SECRETIONS
|
|
|
What is 'CAPACITATION'?
|
ENHANCEMENT OF SPERM FERTILIZING ABILITY ('MALE'/'FEMALE' REPRODUCTIVE TRACT)
|
|
|
The 'DUCTUS EPIDIDYIS' also secretes a specific protein to help sperm. What is the protein and how does it help the sperm?
|
"1. SPERM FORWARD-MOBILITY PROTEIN
|
|
|
What do the 'VAS DEFERENS' (Ductus Deferens) do?
|
TUBES THAT CARRY SPERM FROM 'EPIDIDYMIS' to EJACULATORY DUCT NEAR BLADDER.
|
|
|
Towards the end of the 'VAS DEFERENS' there is an expanded region. What is this 'EXPANDED REGION' called. What is its purpose?
|
"1. AMPULLA = EXPANDED REGION
|
|
|
What is a 'VASECTOMY'?
|
"SEGMENTS BETWEEN THE 'VAS DEFERENS' (2 PLACES) ARE REMOVED AND TIED OFF.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the 'EJACULATORY DUCTS'?
|
CARRY SPERM FROM 'VAS DEFERENS' TO 'URETHRA'
|
|
|
What 2 fluids does it carry?"
|
"TUBE FROM URINARY BLADDER -> PENIS (External Opening)
|
|
|
'MALES' have 3 'SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS'. What are they?
|
"1. SEMINAL VESICLES
|
|
|
What does the 'SECRETION' of the 'MALE' 'SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS' do?
|
SEMINAL PLASMA MIXES WITH SPERM = 'SEMEN' / 'SEMINAL FLUID'
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the 'SEMINAL VESICLES'? (* Only 1)
|
1. SECRETE VISCOUS LIQUID PORTION OF SEMEN (SEMINAL PLASMA)
|
|
|
More than half of the 'TOTAL SEMEN VOLUME' is made of this. Where is is created?
|
"MADE OF 'SEMINAL PLASMA'
|
|
|
'SEMINAL PLASMA' fluid also contains what? This is to give sperm 'ENERGY' for their journey.
|
FRUCTOSE (SUGAR)
|
|
|
Also helps 'SPERM TRANSPORT'."
|
PROSTAGLANDINS
|
|
|
Where is the 'PROSTATE' located? How is it shaped?
|
"1. LOCATED - BELOW BLADDER
|
|
|
What are the functions of the 'PROSTATE GLAND'? What passes through it and what happpens?
|
"'URETHRA' passe through a small hole in center.
|
|
|
(*HELPS PROTECT FROM ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT)"
|
ALKALINE FLUID
|
|
|
(*6 Steps)"
|
"1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the 'BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS'?
|
"SECRETE ALKALINE FLUID
|
|
|
'MALE' fertility depends on what 2 things?
|
"1. QUALITY
|
|
|
What is the approximate 'SPERM' count for measuring fertility?
|
AT LEAST 20 MILLION SPERM/ML
|
|
|
New 'SPERM' are continously produced by the 'TESTES'. How many are made each 'DAY'?
|
ABOUT 200 MILLION/DAY
|
|
|
What is the 'AVERAGE' amount of 'SPERM' that is deposited in 2.75ml of 'SEMEN'?
|
180 MILLION SPERM
|
|
|
What is the 'SPERM' to 'OVUM' production ratio
|
1 OVUM: 1 BILLION SPERM
|
|
|
After 'EJACULATION', 'SPERM' live for approximately how long?
|
48-72 HOURS
|
|
|
What is the approximate 'SEMEN' volume of 'ONE EJACULATION'?
|
2-6 ML
|
|
|
What is the 'APPROXIMATE SPERM' count per/ejaculation?
|
40 MILLION - 250 MILLION / EJACULATION
|
|
|
How many 'SPERM' survive to enter EACH 'FALLOPIAN TUBE'?
|
100 - 100,000 SPERM
|
|
|
How many 'SPERM' make it to the general area of the 'waiting egg'?
|
FEW HUNDRED
|
|
|
How many 'SPERM' can 'FERTILIZE' an egg?
|
ONLY 1 SPERM
|
|
|
After an 'EGG' is 'FERTILIZED', what is it reffered to as?
|
ZYGOTE
|
|
|
What happens to the 'DEAD SPERM'?
|
PHAGOCYTIZED BY LEUKOCYTES
|
|
|
How much contribution does each 'SEX' usually have on 'INFERTILITY'?
|
50% (EVEN)
|
|
|
More than __% of 'INFERTILITY' case can be diagnosed and successfully treated.
|
80%
|
|
|
What is a 'SPERMATOZOON'?
|
SPERM
|
|
|
What are the 4 parts of a 'SPERMATOZOON' (SPERM) and what does each part contain?
|
"1. HEAD - NUCLEUS +23 CHROMO
|
|
|
What is 'UTERUS' shaped like and where is it located?
|
"1. SHAPED = PEAR
|
|
|
The size/shape of the 'UTERUS' depends on what?
|
"IF THE WOMAN HAS GIVEN BIRTH (LARGER IN MULTIPAROUS WOMEN)
|
|
|
What are the 2 main regions of the 'UTERUS'?
|
"1. CORPUS
|
|
|
There are 2 main components in the 'UTERINE WALL'. What are they?
|
"1. ENDOMETRIUM
|
|
|
Which of the 2 components of the 'UTERINE WALL' is shed during 'MENSTRUATION'?
|
ENDOMETRIUM
|
|
|
What are the characteristics 'MYOMETRIUM'?
|
"SMOOTH MUSCLE
|
|
|
'FALLOPIAN TUBES' are also called 2 other things. What are they?
|
"1. OVIDUCTS
|
|
|
Where are the 'FALLOPIAN TUBES' attached?
|
TO UTERUS AT ITS LATERAL SUPERIOR ANGLES
|
|
|
The 'DISTAL ENDS' of the 'FALLOPIAN TUBES' expand into what?
|
FUNNEL-LIKE STRUCTURES
|
|
|
What are their diameters?"
|
"DUCTS
|
|
|
Where does 'FERTILIZATION' usually occur?
|
"FALLOPIAN TUBES
|
|
|
'OVARIES' are about the size of what? Where are they located?
|
"LARGE ALMONDS
|
|
|
'OVARIES' are among the most vascular organs of the body."
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
Female Germ Cells or 'OOCYTES' are enclosed inside the ovary in tissue sacs called what?
|
'OVARIAN FOLLICLES'
|
|
|
The 'OVARY' of a newborn girl contains about how many 'FOLLICLES'?
|
500,000 FOLLICLES
|
|
|
Will a 'FEMALE' increase the amount of 'FOLLICLES' she has after birth?
|
"NO
|
|
|
'FOLLICLES' begin to 'DEGENERATE' after birth."
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'PUBERTY'?
|
~83,000 FOLLICLES
|
|
|
How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'AGE 35'?
|
~30,000 FOLLICLES
|
|
|
How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'AGE 50'?
|
~1,000 FOLLICLES
|
|
|
On average, how many 'FOLLICLES' are released through 'OVULATION'?
|
400 FOLLICLES
|
|
|
There are 2 main functions of the 'OVARIES'. What are they?
|
"1. OVULATION - PRODCUTION OF MATURE EGG
|
|
|
How many 'OVARIAN FOLLICLES' will 'MATURE' during a cycle?
|
ONLY ONE (MOST OF THE TIME)
|
|
|
When 'ESTROGEN' is present, what happens to the female germ cell 'OOCYTE'?
|
BEGINS TO MATURE
|
|
|
What hormone must be present in order for a 'FEMALE' germ cell 'OOCYTE' to 'MATURE'?
|
ESTROGEN
|
|
|
A 'FOLLICLE' that is exposed to 'ESTROGEN' goes through a series of complex steps to mature. There are 4 basic steps, what are they?
|
"1. PRIMARY FOLLICLE
|
|
|
What is the 'LARGE MATURE FOLLICLE' that develops during the cycle called?
|
GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE
|
|
|
There are 2 main 'HORMONES' thare are released from the 'OVARIES'. What are they?
|
"1. ESTROGENS
|
|
|
'ESTROGENS' encompass several different hormones. What are the 3 different hormones?
|
"1. ESTRADIOL
|
|
|
What is the 'MAIN' 'ESTROGEN' that is secreted from the 'OVARIES'?
|
ESTRADIOL
|
|
|
'ESTROGEN' is produced in 'FEMALES' from 3 different places. What are the 3 places?
|
"1. FOLLICLE
|
|
|
What are the effects of 'ESTROGEN' in the 'FEMALE' system development?
|
STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES'
|
|
|
'ESTROGEN' also has an effect on one of the 'UTERINE WALLS'. Which 'UTERINE WALL' does it affect and what happens?
|
"MYOMETRIUM
|
|
|
'ESTROGEN' has the ability to 'INHIBIT' what other hormone?
|
FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
|
|
|
'PROGESTERONE' is produced in 'FEMALES' from 2 different places. What are the 2 places?
|
"1. CORPUS LUTEUM
|
|
|
'PROGESTERONE' also has an effect on one of the 'UTERINE WALLS'. Which 'UTERINE WALL' does it affect and what happens?
|
"MYOMETRIUM
|
|
|
What does 'PROGESTERONE' inhibit?
|
"MYOMETRIUM
|
|
|
What are the effects of 'ESTROGEN' in the 'FEMALE' system development?
|
STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES'
|
|
|
The 'CESSATION' of 'menses' or 'MENARCHE' (mensturation) is also called what two things?
|
"1. MENOPAUSE
|
|
|
From 'PUBERTY' to 'MENOPAUSE' in 'FEMALES'. There are 8 things than occur, what are they?
|
"1. BREAST CHANGE
|
|
|
8. MOOD CHANGES"
|
Changes from 'PUBERTY' to 'MENOPAUSE' in 'FEMALES'
|
|
|
What is the 'AVERAGE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE' length?
|
29.5 DAYS
|
|
|
What things can change the 'REGULARITY' of a 'WOMAN'S MENSTRUAL CYCLE'? (*There are 4 of them)
|
"1. SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
|
|
|
Younger women tend to have SHORTER cycles than do older women"
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
What would eventually happen to a group of girls on different 'MENSTRUATION' cycles if they were put together in the same living environment?
|
EVENTUALLY THEY WOULD MENSTRUATE AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME
|
|
|
The 'OVARIAN CYCLE' is spread over 29.5 days. During these time, there are 5 main events. What are the 5 days that these events take place?
|
"1. DAY 1
|
|
|
If 'ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE' levels are 'HIGH' what is 'INHIBITED'?
|
FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
|
|
|
What hormones are present and in what levels?"
|
"MENSTURATION STARTS
|
|
|
On 'DAY 1' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE', 'FSH' levels are high. What does this do?
|
STIMULATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOLLICLE (EGG INSIDE FOLLICLE)
|
|
|
How many 'FOLLICLES' are 'STIMULATED' during 'MENSTURATION'?
|
6-7 IN EACH OVARY
|
|
|
What hormones are present and in what levels?"
|
"ONE FOLLICLE CONTINUES, OTHERS DEGENERATE
|
|
|
What hormones are present and in what levels?"
|
"OVULATION
|
|
|
'OVARIES' usually alternate expulsion of the 'EGG/FOLLICLE'."
|
"TRUE
|
|
|
What will happen if there is NO 'LH SURGE'?
|
OVULATION WILL 'NOT' OCCUR
|
|
|
There are 3 indications that 'OVULATION' has occured on 'DAY 14' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'. What are they?
|
"1. BASAL BODY TEMP RISE
|
|
|
What point in the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' is considered to be the most 'highly fertile period'?
|
DAY 14 - OVULATION
|
|
|
'SPERM' can live approximately how many days?
|
3-6 DAYS
|
|
|
An 'EGG' can be fertilized for about how long?
|
12-24 HOURS
|
|
|
The 'FERTILE PERIOD' is about how many days near the middle of the cycle?
|
5-6 DAYS
|
|
|
'LH' stimulates the transformation of 'FOLLICLE CELLS' into what?
|
"'CORPUS LUTEUM'
|
|
|
Cells of the 'CORPUS LUTEUM' secrete 2 hormones. What are they?
|
"1. ESTROGENS
|
|
|
What happens on 'DAY 23' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' if pregnancy 'DOES' occur?
|
"CORPUS PERSISTS = INCREASED ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE AND FSH INHIBITED
|
|
|
What hormone is only present in a pregnant woman, which indicates a 'SUCCESSFUL' fertilization?
|
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
|
|
|
What does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN do?
|
"MAINTAINS 'CORPUS LUTEUM' DURING PREGNANCY
|
|
|
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN is detectable in the blood/urine as early as how many days 'AFTER' fertilization?
|
8-10 DAYS
|
|
|
Where does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN come from?
|
IMPLANTATION SITE OF EGG
|
|
|
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN is similar to what other 2 common hormones?
|
"1. GH (GROWTH HORMONE)
|
|
|
Why is this helpful during pregnancy?"
|
"ANTI-INSULIN EFFECTS
|
|
|
What happens on 'DAY 23' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' if pregnancy does 'NOT' occur?
|
"CORPUS LUTEUM BEINGS TO DEGENERATE
|
|
|
What maintains the 'CORPUS LUTEUM'?
|
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
|
|
|
What hormones are present and in what levels?"
|
"ESTROGEN = LOW
|
|
|
What happens a few days after 'DAY 27' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
|
"NEXY CYCLE BEGINS AFTER 'ENDOMETRIUM' IS SLUFFED OFF AND ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE LEVELS ARE LOW.
|
|
|
What is 'DAY 1-5' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'?
|
MENSTRUAL PHASE
|
|
|
During the 'MENSTRUAL PHASE' most women lose approximately how much blood?
|
"1 - 1.25 oz of BLOOD
|
|
|
What is 'DAY 6-14' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'? (*3 things)
|
"POSTMENSTRUAL, PREOVULATORY, LUTEAL PHASE
|
|
|
What is 'DAY 27-28' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'?
|
ISCHEMIC PHASE
|
|
|
The 'SECRETORY PHASE' is almost 'always' how many days?
|
14 DAYS
|
|
|
The 'LENGTH OF CYCLES' vary. How many days is it for most women?
|
26-35 DAY CYCLES
|
|
|
Out of all of the 9 different phases during 'MENSTRUATION', what is the most constant?
|
POSTOVULATORY (14 DAYS)
|
|
|
'CYCLE LENGTH' can be affected by 3 different factors. What are the factors?
|
"1. GENETIC
|
|
|
'IMPLANTATION' usually takes place about how long after fertilization?
|
6-7 DAYS
|
|
|
There are typically 'TWO' implantation sites. What are the 2 sites?
|
"1. INTRAUTERINE
|
|
|
Out of the '2' 'IMPLANTATION SITES', which ones it considered to be 'RARE' and found in 'ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES'?
|
EXTRAUTERINE
|
|
|
What 3 places can it be implanted at?"
|
"1) UPPER POSTERIOR WALL OF UTERUS
|
|
|
What 3 places can it be implanted at?"
|
"RARE / ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
|
|
|
What % of 'FERTILE ZYGOTES' result in 'MISCARRIAGE'?
|
30%
|
|
|
How long does it take for a 'ZYGOTE' to grow to 'HUMAN' for normal birth weight?
|
38 WEEKS (9.5 MONTHS)
|
|
|
What is the average birth weight of a newborn baby?
|
7-7.5 POUNDS
|
|
|
What is the 'DEVELOPING ORGANISM' referred to as 2 weeks after contraception?
|
PRE-EMBRYO
|
|
|
How long is the baby referred to as an 'EMBRYO'?
|
WEEKS 3-8 OF DEVELOPMENT
|
|
|
After week at, the 'EMBRYO' is reffered to as what?
|
FETUS
|
|
|
After how many weeks is a 'developing organism' referred to as a 'FETUS'?
|
8 WEEKS+
|
|
|
During 'PREGNANCY' and 'LACTATION' there are some extra nutritional requirements. What are they? (*There are 5 of them)
|
"1. EXTRA PROTEIN
|
|
|
On average, how much weight should a mother 'gain'?
|
25 POUNDS
|
|
|
The '25 POUNDS' that a mother gains can be separated into 5 things. What are the 5 things?
|
"1) 12 lbs = FAT
|
|
|
What is the literal meaning of 'PROGESTERONE'?
|
FOR-GESTATION
|
|
|
What are the levels of 'ESTROGEN'/'PROGESTERONE' like during pregnancy?
|
HIGH
|
|
|
When does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN reach it's peak?
|
IN THE 2nd MONTH
|
|
|
What happens to the 'PITUITARY GLAND' during 'PREGNANCY'?
|
INCREASES IN SIZE / ACTIVITY
|
|
|
What happens to 'BLOOD VOLUME' and 'CARDIAC OUTPUT' during 'PREGNANCY'?
|
INCREASES
|
|
|
What happens to usualy 'CALORIC REQUIREMENTS'?
|
INCREASE
|
|
|
What are the 4 main causes for the '30%' of 'ZYGOTES' miscarried before/right after implantation?
|
"1. GENETIC/CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGE
|
|
|
After a pregnancy is established, what factors account for '42%' of miscarriages? (*There is only 1)
|
CHROMOSOMAL/GENETIC ERRORS
|
|
|
When does this occur?"
|
"20%
|
|
|
What is 'PARTURITION' defined as?
|
ACT OF GIVING BIRTH
|
|
|
There are 3 factors that 'INCREASE' the contractibility of the 'UTERUS'. What are they?
|
"1. ESTROGEN LEVEL INCREASE
|
|
|
'LABOR' can be divded into 3 stages. What are the 3 stages?
|
"1. CERIVCAL DILATION
|
|
|
The delivery of the 'PLACENTA' is also referred to as what?
|
AFTERBIRTH
|
|
|
About how much does the 'CERVICAL DILATE' during labor?
|
UP TO 10cm
|
|
|
'MENOPAUSE' is defined as what type of 'sexual cycles'?
|
IRREGULAR
|
|
|
At around what age does 'MENOPAUSE' occur?
|
~52 YEARS OF AGE
|
|
|
Puberty in 'WOMEN' is starting _______ and menopause is devloping _______.
|
"1. EARLIER = PUBERTY
|
|
|
Compared to women in America, women who have twins, smoke or are in developing countires enter menopause at a(n) ________ age.
|
EARLIER
|
|
|
Why does this occur?"
|
"FOLLICLE DOES NOT DEVELOP
|
|
|
What are some of the signs of 'MENOPAUSE'? (*There are 12)
|
"1. HOT FLASHES
|
|
|
12. BACKACHES"
|
MENOPAUSE
|
|
|
What are some of the treatment options for 'MENOPAUSE'?
|
ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY (ERT)
|
|
|
What is 'PREMARIN'?
|
"MIXTURE OF 6 ESTROGENS DERIVED FROM PREGNANT HORSE URINE
|
|
|
If (ERT) ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY is taken during the first years of 'MENOPAUSE' and continues for 7 years after. What will it help to eliminate?
|
OSTEOPOROSIS (Weak bones)
|
|
|
What are some of the 'BENEFITS' of (ERT)? (*There are 5 of them)
|
"1. RELIEVES HOT FLASHES
|
|
|
What are some of the 'RISKS' of (ERT)? (*There are 4 of them)
|
"1. BREAST CANCER
|
|
|
What effects does 'ESTROGEN' have on the 'UTERINE WALL DEVELOPMENT'?
|
STIMULATES IT TO GROW
|
|
|
What happens to 'UTERINE LINING' in the presence 'PROGESTERONE'? (*2 things)
|
"1. BECOMES MORE GLANDULAR
|
|
|
What happens to 'BLOOD VESSELS' in the 'UTERINE LINING' as the concentrations of 'ESTROGEN'/'PROGESTERONE' 'DECLINE'?
|
BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT IN UTERINE LINING
|
|
|
What is 'BIRTH CONTROL' defined as?
|
VOLUNTARY REGULATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS
|
|
|
There are 7 forms of 'BIRTH CONTROL/CONTRACEPTION'? What are they?
|
"1. COITUS INTERRUPTUS
|
|
|
What is 'COITUS INTERRUPTUS'?
|
WITHDRAWING THE PENIS FROM THE VAGINA BEFORE EJACULATION
|
|
|
What is 'RHYTHM' in regards to 'BIRTH CONTROL'?
|
ABSTINENCE OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DURING THE TIME THE EGG IS AVAILABLE FOR FERTILIZATION (FEW DAYS BEFORE/AFTER OVULATION)
|
|
|
What are 2 examples of 'MECHANICAL BIRTH CONTROL'?
|
"1. CONDOM - Sheath placed over erect penis prior to intercourse. Prevents sperm entry to vagina.
|
|
|
What are some examples?"
|
"USED TO KILL/IMMOBILIZE SPERM
|
|
|
What are 'ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES'? What are they usually made of?
|
"REFFERED TO AS THE 'PILL'
|
|
|
What are the 2 'SURGICAL METHODS' of 'BIRTH CONTROL'?
|
"1. VASECTOMY
|
|
|
What is a 'TUBAL LIGATION'?
|
"FEMAL SURGICAL BIRTH CONTROL
|
|
|
What is 'IUD' birth control?
|
"IRRITATES UTERINE WALL SO ZYGOTE CANNOT IMPLANT
|
|
|
The 'IUD' contraceptive DOES prevent fertilization of the sperm and egg."
|
"FALSE
|
|
|
What is the method of 'BIRTH CONTROL' that has a 100% effective rate?
|
ABSTINENCE
|
|
|
Early development of 'SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS' is known as:
|
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
|
|
|
'TESTOSTERONE' is produce in the:
|
LEYDIG CELLS
|
|
|
The 'approximate' lifespan of 'SPERM' is:
|
24-48 HOURS
|
|
|
4. ALL OF THE ABOVE"
|
4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
|
|
|
'OLVUATION' is caused by:
|
AN LH SURGE
|
|
|
'OVULATION' usually occurs on:
|
DAY 14 OF THE CYCLE
|
|
|
Where does 'FERTILIZATION' usually occur?
|
IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
|
|
|
How many 'eggs' does a female posses at 'BIRTH'?
|
1 MILLION`
|
|
|
4. ESTROGEN, LH, BIRTHIN"
|
1. ESTROGEN, OXYTOCIN, PROSTAGLANDINS
|
|
|
Where are the 'SPERM' stored for maturation before they are released from the 'TESTES'?
|
EPIDIDYMIS
|
