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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give the 5 functions of testosterone
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1. differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles (internal genitalia EXCEPT prostate)
2. growth cspurt (penis, seminal vesicles, sperm, mm, RBCs) 3. deepening of voice 4. closing of epiphyseal plates (c/o estrogen converted from testosterone) 5. libido |
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Give the 4 functions of estrogen
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1. development of genitalia and breast, female fat distribution
2. growth of follicle, endometrial proliferation, increased myometrial excitability 3. upregulation of estrogen, LH and progesterone receptors; feedback inhibition of FSH and LH, then LH surge; stimulation of prolactin secretion (but blocks its action at breast) 4. increased transport of proteins, SHBG; increased HDL; decreased LDL |
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Estrogen receptors expressed in the _______ ; translocate to the ____ when bound by ligand
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cytoplasm; nucleus
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What converts cholesterol ---> androstenedione? Where?
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Desmolase (c/o LH stimulation in the Theca cell)
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What converts androstenedione --> estrogen? Where?
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Aromatase (c/o FSH stimulation in the Granulosa cell)
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Give the 8 functions of Progesterone
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1. stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spiral artery development
2. maintenance of pregnancy 3. decreased myometrial excitability 4. production of thick cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm entry into the uterus 5. increased body temp 6. inhibition of gonadotropins (LH, FSH) 7. uterine smooth muscle relaxation (preventing contractions) 8. decreased estrogen receptor expressivity **elevation = ovulation** |
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blood from ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation
presents like appendicitis |
Mittelschmerz
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Meiosis I in oogenesis is arrested in which phase?
how many sister chromatids? |
Prophase (until ovulation)
46/ 4N; diploid |
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Meiosis II in oogeneis is arrested in which phase?
how many sister chromatids? |
Metaphase (until fertilization)
23 |
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what does HHAVOC stand for?
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in menopause...
Hirsutism Hot flashes Atrophy of the Vagina Osteoporosis CAD |
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honeycombed uterus, cluster of grapes appearance, abnormally enlarged uterus w/ snowstorm appearance during 1st sonogram...
what is the treatment? |
dilatation and curettage, and methotrexate
monitor beta-hCG |
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common causes of recurrent miscarriages:
1st weeks 1st trimester 2nd trimester |
1st weeks -- low progesterone levels (no response to beta-hCG)
1st trimester -- chromosomal abnormalities (robertsonian translocation) 2nd trimester -- bicornuate uterus (incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts) |
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what does HELLP syndrome stand for?
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Hemolysis
Elevated LFTs Low Platelets mortality d/t cerebral hemorrhage and ARDS |
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what is the treatment for preeclampsia-eclampsia?
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delivery of fetus as soon as viable
Tx: IV magnesium sulfate and diazepam |
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give 4 risk factors for ectopic pregnancy
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1. Hx of infertility
2. salpingitis/PID 3. ruptured appendix 4. prior tubal surgery |
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polyhydramnios is associated with..
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esophageal/duodenal atresia
anencephaly |
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oligohydramnios is associated with..
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placental insufficiency
bilateral renal agenesis posterior urethral valves (in males), thus inability to excrete urine --> Potter's syndrome |
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endometrium within the myometrium
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adenomyosis
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Enlarged, bilateral cystic ovaries p/w amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism.
associated with insulin resistance explain pathophysiology.. |
increaed LH production --> anovulation, hyperandrogenism d/t deranged steroid synthesis by theca cells
increased LH, decreased FSH, increased testosterone (PCOS) |
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PCOS Treatment?
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weight loss
OCPs gonadroptin analogs clomiphene sprionolactone (for hirsutism) surgery |
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distention of unruptured graafian follicle
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follicular cyst
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hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum; regresses spontaneously
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corpus luteum cyst
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bilateral/multiple. due to gonadotropin stimulation.
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theca-lutein cyst
associated with choriocarcinoma and moles |
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yellow, friable, solid masses
50% of Schiller-Duval bodies |
Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
AFP |
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contains functional thryoid tissue, can present as hyperthyroidism
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Struma ovarri teratoma
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what is a general ovarian cancer marker?
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increased CA-125
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Risk factors for ovarian non-germ cell tumors?
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BRCA-1
HNPCC genetic predisposition/family hx |
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intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from ovarian/appendiceal tumor
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Peseudomyxoma peritonei
Malignant |
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Meigs' syndrome (triad)
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ovarian fibroma
ascites hydrothorax pulling sensation in groin |
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precocious puberty c/o secreted estrogen --> endometrial hyperplasia
abnormal uterine bleeding Call-exner bodies (small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions) |
Granulosa cell tumor
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affects women who had exposure to DES in utero
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clear cell adenocarcinoma
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affects girls <4 years of age
spindle-shaped tumor cells that are desmin positive |
Sarcoma botryoides (rhabdomyosarcoma variant)
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23 yo with small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges in breast
tenderness increased during menstrual cycle |
fibroadenoma
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small mass that grows in lactiferous ducts, beneath the areola of breast
bloody nipple discharge |
Intraductal papilloma (benign)
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60 yo women p/w large bulky mass of CT and cysts
"leaf-like projections" |
Phyllodes tumor
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what is the single most important prognostic factor for malignant breast tumors?
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axillary lymph node involvement
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ductal, caseous necrosis in breast
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Comedocarcinoma
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fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate of breast
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Medullary tumor
Good Px |
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cells in epidermis with clear halo
eczematous patches on nipple |
Paget's disease
also seen on vulva -- suggests underlying carcinoma...biopsy! |
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orderly row of cells, multiple, bilateral.
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invasive lobular tumor
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20 yo male p/w painless, homogenous testicular enlargement
large cells in lobules w/ watery cytoplasm and a "fried egg" appearance radiosensitive |
Seminoma
late metatasis, excellent prognosis |
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painful, glandular/papillary morphology, increased AFP, hCG
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Embryonal carcinoma
malignant |
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Reinke crystals, androgen producing
gynecomastia in men precocious puberty in boys Golden brown color |
Leydig cell tumor
benign |
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androblastoma from sex cord stroma
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Sertoli cell
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most common testicular cancer in older men
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testicular lymphoma
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50 yo male with gray, solitary, crusty plaque on shaft of penis/scrotum
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Bowen's diseae
Carcinoma in situ; --> invasive SCC |
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Red velvety plaques involving the glans
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Erythorplasia of Queyrat
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Multiple papular lesions in 20 yo male
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Bowenoid papulosis
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SCC
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more common in Asia, Africa, and South America
associated with HPV, lack of circumcision |
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acquired fibrous tissue formation leads to bent penis
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Peyronie's disease
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