Reproductive Phys Exam (Final)

Front 1

What are the 4 distinct concentric tubular layers of the female reproductive tract?

Back 1

1. serosa
2. muscularis
3. submucosa
4. mucosa

Front 2

Serosa

Back 2

-outer single layer of squamous (flattened) cells
-continuous with the broad ligament

Front 3

Muscularis

Back 3

-double layer of smooth involuntary muscles
-consists of outer longitudinal muscle fibers + inner circular layer
-these smooth muscle contractions are important in transporting secretory products, and the oocyte + sperm toward each other

Front 4

Submucosa

Back 4

-houses blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
-serves as a supporting tissue to the mucosal layer

Front 5

Mucosa

Back 5

-layer of epithelium that lines lumen

Front 6

Broad Ligament

Back 6

-suspensory tissue
-houses the vascular supply, and lymphatic drainage + nerves

Front 7

What are the components of the broad ligament?

Back 7

1. mesovarium
2. mesosalpinx
3. mesometrium

Front 8

Mesovarium

Back 8

-supports the ovary
-houses the blood and lymphatic vessels + nerves that supply the ovary
-forms the hilus

Front 9

Mesosalpinx

Back 9

-supports the oviducts
-serves as a bursa-like pouch that surrounds the ovary (in the bitch, it forms a nearly complete ovarian bursa that hides the ovary from direct view)

Front 10

Mesometrium

Back 10

-largest + most conspicuous
-supports + suspends the uterus

Front 11

Ovary

Back 11

-the female gonad
-primary functions is to produce female gametes (ova) + estrogen/progesterone

Front 12

What are the components of the ovary?

Back 12

1. cortex
2. medulla

Front 13

Cortex

Back 13

-outer portion
-contains the follicles
-houses the CL + oocytes
-functional portion

Front 14

Medulla

Back 14

-central portion
-composed of dense connective tissue, nerves, and lymphatics

Front 15

What animal is the exception the cortex and medulla?

Back 15

-the mare

Front 16

Mare Cortex

Back 16

-inside portion
-functional portion

Front 17

Mare Medulla

Back 17

-outer portion
-connective tissue portion

Front 18

Where is the specific location of ovulation in the mare?

Back 18

-ovulation fossa

Front 19

Tunica Albuginea

Back 19

-single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal epithelium that surrounds the ovary

Front 20

Follicle

Back 20

-ovarian structure that houses + maintains an oocyte
-source of estrogen + inhibin

Front 21

Corpus Luteum (corpora lutea)

Back 21

-"yellow bodies"
-relatively large, conspicuous structures that produce progesterone
-results from leutinization of a follicle after ovulation
-also produces relaxin, oxytocin, inhibin, and activan

Front 22

Corpus Albicans (white body)

Back 22

-degenerating corpus luteum
-from previous reproductive cycles

Front 23

What 3 things does the oviduct consist of?

Back 23

1. infidibulum
2. ampulla
3. isthmus

Front 24

Infindibulum

Back 24

-funnel shaped opening of the oviduct
-forms a pocket that captures the oocyte
-surface is covered in fimbriae

Front 25

Fimbriae-

Back 25

-velvety, finger-like projections that increase the SA of the infidibulum maximizing the chance to capture the oocyte

Front 26

Ampulla

Back 26

-dilated portion of the oviduct
-occupies 1/2 or more of oviduct

Front 27

Ampullary Isthmus Junction

Back 27

-site of fertilization

Front 28

Isthmus

Back 28

-narrow portion
-connexts with uterus

Front 29

Utero-tubal junction

Back 29

-where the isthmus joins the uterus (fallopian tube)

Front 30

Mucosa of Oviduct

Back 30

-beating cilia for transport
-secretes fluids to help carry oocytes

Front 31

Duplex Uterus

Back 31

-2 cervices
-no uterine body
-horns
-rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, opossum

Front 32

Simplex Uterus

Back 32

-one cervix
-single uterine body
-horns absent
-primates

Front 33

Bicornuate

Back 33

-one cervix
-uterine body
-2 very prominent horns
-cat, dog, pig, cow, ewe
-uterine body especially prominent in the mare (large uterine body + small horns)

Front 34

Didelphic

Back 34

-single vaginal canal that leads into a left vagina + right vagina
-embryonic diapause
-male has bifurcated penis

Front 35

What are the components of the uterine wall?

Back 35

-perimetrium
-myometrium
-endometrium

Front 36

Perimetrium (serosa)

Back 36

-outer layer of loose connective tissue that is continuous with the broad ligament
-thin + almost transparent

Front 37

Myometrium

Back 37

-outer longitudinal layer + inner circular muscular layer
-provides motility
-estrogen stimulates smooth muscle contraction to help transport semen
-estrogen induces estrus behavior, estrogen high near ovulation
-progesterone inhibits uterine contractions
-major driving force for expulsion of the fetus + fetal membrane

Front 38

Endometrium

Back 38

-uterine lining (mucosa + submucosa)
-2/3 thickness of uterine wall

Front 39

Uterine (endometrial) glands

Back 39

-branched tubular structures that secrete into the lumen
-uterine fluid/milk that nourishes early embryo

Front 40

Uterine fluid

Back 40

-primarily from uterine glands
-before embryo
-establishes placenta

Front 41

Caruncles

Back 41

-small, non-glandular areas that protrude from the surface of the endometrium
-highly vascularized
-maternal component of exchange
-show up well in sheep

Front 42

Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a)

Back 42

-produced by cells of the endometrium
-causes luteolysis of the CL if animal is not pregnant

Front 43

What are the main functions of the uterus?

Back 43

1. site of implantation + pregnancy
2. sperm transport
3. maternal contribution to placent
4. parturition

Front 44

Cotelydon

Back 44

-fetal component of exchange

Front 45

What are the functions of the cervix?

Back 45

1. may act as a sperm reservoir
2. acts as a barrier to infection (particularly during pregnancy)
3. thin cervical mucus lubricates the vagina during estrus
4. flushing system (helps remove foreign materials)

Front 46

Cervix

Back 46

-thick walled organ
-isolates the uterus from the external environment during pregnancy by forming a barrier consisting of highly viscous mucus
-anterior end = continuous with uterine body
-posterior end = protrudes into vagina in many species (not sow)
-constricted lumen

Front 47

Cows + Ewes cervix

Back 47

-cervical (annular) rings
-interlocking ridges that form rings

Front 48

Sows Cervix

Back 48

-rings interdigitate
-corkscrew arrangement in sow (accommodates boar's penis)

Front 49

Mares Cervix

Back 49

-cervical folds (longitudinal folds instead of rings)
-soft during estrus

Front 50

Bitch + Queen Cervix

Back 50

-smooth
-no elaborate rings or folds

Front 51

Mucus

Back 51

-secreted by goblet cells
-affected by estron + progesterone

Front 52

Mucus Estrogen vs Progesterone

Back 52

-estrogen = increases quantity of mucus secreted, decreases the viscosity (promotes sperm transport)

-progesterone = decrease in quantity, increase in viscosity which forms a plug that closes the cervix

Front 53

Vagina

Back 53

-serves as a copulatory organ
-passive birth canal during parturition
-ill defined muscular layer
-well developed mucosal epithelium
-some/all semen species related is deposited here

Front 54

Fornix Vagina

Back 54

-cervix protrudes into the anterior vagina forming a crypt/pocket
-cow, mare, ewe, bitch

Front 55

Anterior (cranial) Vagina

Back 55

-closest to cervix, separated from vestibule by muscular sphincter and connective tissue hymen

Front 56

Vestibule (posterior/caudal vagina)

Back 56

-closest to vulva
-anterior aspect is the point at which the urethra comes through the vaginal floor (urethral orifice)

Front 57

Urethral Orifice

Back 57

-separates the anterior/posterior vagina

Front 58

Vaginal Fluid

Back 58

-from cervical and vaginal secretions
-less viscous during ovulation
-could be the source of estrous odors (pheremones)

Front 59

Vulva

Back 59

-external part of the female RT
-consists of two labia (major + minor)

-ventral portion contains the clitoris

Front 60

Vestibular Glands (glands of Bartholin)

Back 60

-produce lubricant during copulation
-heaviest secretion during estrus

Front 61

Hen Ovary

Back 61

-cluster of developing follicles
-each follicle contains an oocyte (yolk)

Front 62

Stigma

Back 62

-ruptures during ovulation + releases oocyte

Front 63

Hen Infundibulum

Back 63

-funnel shaped, catches oocyte
-site of fertilization

Front 64

Magnum (hen)

Back 64

-where albumin/egg white is added

Front 65

Isthmus (hen)

Back 65

-inner/outer shell membrane is added

Front 66

Uterus or shell gland (hen)

Back 66

-hard shell is added

Front 67

Vagina (hen)

Back 67

-cuticle is added here
-vaginal muscle helps push the egg out of the body

Front 68

Cloaca

Back 68

-terminal chamber of the RT, digestive, and urinary systems
-vent = cloacal opening

Front 69

T/F: Horn adjacent to CL is where pregnancy is occuring

Back 69

-True

Front 70

Spermatic Cord

Back 70

-extends from the inguinal canal (passage through which each testis descended)
-provides pathway to and from the body for the testicular vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves
-also houses the ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, and the pampiniform plexus

Front 71

Vas deferens

Back 71

-goes through the spermatic cord
-transport tube to the urethra

Front 72

Cremaster Muscle

Back 72

-one for each testis
-strip of striated muscle
-lends support to testis
-involved in temp. regulation (testis has to be below body temp)

Front 73

Pampiniform Plexus

Back 73

-plays a role in temp control
-plexus of veins in the spermatic cord
-very intricate network of veins that establish surface area contact w/ testicular artery

Front 74

Scrotum

Back 74

-two lobed sac that houses the testis
-required for proper temp regulation
-scrotal skin is heavily populated with sweat glands that are triggered to cool the testis (swamp cooler)
-absence of subcutaneous fat
-has a large number of thermosensitive nerve endings to contain temp

Front 75

Tunica Dartos

Back 75

-muscular sheet that lines the scrotum
-allows testis to relax/contract for high/low temp
-can maintain/sustain contraction (smooth muscle)

Front 76

What are the seven anatomical features that allow the testis to remain cool?

Back 76

1. absence of subcutaneous fat in the scrotum
2. pampiniform plexus
3. sweat glands in scrotum skin

4. cremaster muscle
5. thermosensors
6. tunica dartos
7. location

Front 77

Testis

Back 77

-paired organs
-manufacture sperm (production)
-testosterone (androgen)
-also produce inhibin, estrogens, and a variety of proteins

Front 78

tunica albuginea

Back 78

-sheet of tough connective tissues that surrounds the entire testes
-divides into lobules
-gives rise to mediastinum

Front 79

Mediastinum

Back 79

-connective tissue core of testis in pig, sheep, and bull
-not centralized in the human and horse

Front 80

What are the three distinct stages of reproductive behavior in the male?

Back 80

1. precopulatory stage
2. copulatory stage
3. postcopulatory stage

Front 81

What are the three functions of reproductive behavior in the female?

Back 81

1. attractivity
2. proceptivity
3. receptivity
**occur during estrus in species w/ estrous cycles, promoted by high circulating estrogen

Front 82

Attractivity

Back 82

-refers to behaviors and other signals that serve to attract males
-can include postures, vocalizations, behaviors, and chemical cues (pheremones)

Front 83

Proceptivity

Back 83

-behaviors exhibited by females toward males that stimulate the male to copulate or that reinitiate sexual behavior after copulation
-example: head butting the male, or mounting the male, or female-to-female mounting

Front 84

Receptivity

Back 84

-copulatory behavior of females that ensures insemination
-immobility or standing response (lordosis), tail deviation, backing up toward the male

Front 85

What are some courtship specific behaviors?

Back 85

-sniffing of the vulva by the male, urination by the female in the presence of the male, flehmen behavior of the male, chin resting of the male on the hind end of the female, increased phonation (vocalization)

Front 86

Sustained copulators

Back 86

-boar
-dog
-camelids

Front 87

Intermediate copulator

Back 87

-stallion

Front 88

Short copulators

Back 88

-bull
-ram
-buck (goat)
-tom

Front 89

refactory period

Back 89

-period of time during which a second copulation will not take place
-memory is important in a positive + negative way