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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What role do the testes play in a male?
Testes are the essential organ of reproduction. At 3 months before birth testes start to descend.
What are the two functions of the testes?
Production of sperm and the production of hormones.
What other organs of the body does testosterone affect?
Nervous system; skeletal tissue, bone marrow (increase Hemoglobin and Hematocrit) skin, hair, sex organs, sex drive, larynx (deepening of the voice)
What is dihydrotesteosterone?
Also known as DHT; it is a male sex hormone, an androgen that is responsible for the sexual differentiation that occurs in the womb way before an embryo is born. It also plays an important role in hair loss.
What are the two main functions of the penis?
Delivery of sperm and elimination of urine.
At what age does spermatogenesis begin?
Spermatogenesis begins at puberty (abt 13 yrs old) and continues for life.
What is the scrotum?
The scotum is a pouchlike sac containing the testes, epidydidymis, and spermatic cord.
What is the function of the scrotum?
The scrotum protects the testes, epididymis and spermatic cord by promoting optimal temperature for spermatogenesis.
How does the scrotum protect the male organs when extreme temperatures occur?
Exposure to cold temp. causes to the male organs to contract toward a warm body. Exposure to heat causes the male organs to contract away from the body.
What is erectile dysfunction?
E.D is the inability to achieve and maintain an erection.
What are the causes of erectile dysfunction?
Organic: neurogenic, hormonal, vascular, drug-induced. Psychogenic: performance anxiety, strained relationships, depression, schizophrenia.
What is urethritis?
Urethritis is the inflammatory process that is usually caused by sexually transmitted organisms. Inflammation of the urethra.
What are some non-sexual origins of urethritis?
Inflammation or infection, insertion of a foreign body, anatomical abnormalities and trauma.
What are the manifestations of urethritis?
Urethral tingling, itching or burning; frequency and urgency; purulent or clear mucus discharge.
What is a urethral stricture?
A fibrotic narrowing of the urethra, usually composed of scar tissue.
What are some complications of urethral strictures?
Prostate infection and prolonged obstruction.
What are some of the manifestations of urethral strictures?
Urinary frequency and hesitancy, diminished force of urine, dribbling and nocturia.
How is urethral strictures evaluated and what is the treatment?
It is evaluated by an H & P (history and physical) or a cystoscopy and is treated with surgery.
What is phimosis?
A condition in which the penile foreskin fits so tightly over the glans that is cannot be retracted.
What is paraphimosis?
Painful constriction of the glans penis by foreskin, which has been retracted behind the corona.
What are some causes of phimosis and paraphimosis and how can it be treated?
Some of the causes include poor hygeine and chronic infections and it is treated with surgery or circumcision.
What are some of the manifestations of phimosis and paraphimosis?
Edema (swelling), erythema (redness), discharge, tenderness, higher incidence of penile cancer in uncircumcised males because of chronic infections and poor hygeine.
What is Peyronie Disease?
Also known as "bent nail syndrome" it is a formation of palpable, fibrous plaques on the surface of the corpora cavernosa.
What are some of the clinical manifestations of Peyronie Disease?
A fibrotic condition that causes curvature; develops slow and occurs in middle aged-men; causes painful erection and intercourse; there is no definitive treatment.
What is Priapism?
It is a prolonged, painful penile erection that is usually associated with spinal cord trauma, sickle cell disease, leukemia, pelvic tumors or injection therapy for impotence.
What is the treatment for Priapism?
Considered a urologic emergency treated with iced-saline enemas; ketamine administration; spinal anesthesia.
What is Balanitis?
Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis, or inflammation of the glans penis.
What are some of the causes of Balanitis and how is it treated?
Poor hygiene, diabetes, or candidiasis (yeast infection).
It is treated by antimicrobials or circumcision.
What are some facts about penile cancer?
Penile cancer is rare in the U.S. Occurs in males between 50-70 yrs of age. African Americans and lower socioeconomic males have an increased risk of this disease.
What are some of the causes of penile cancer?
The direct cause is unknown but the risks are HPV, smoking and psoriasis.
What are the manifestations, evaluation and treatment of Penile Cancer?
The manifestations of penile cancer are weight loss, fatigue, and malaise. Evaluation is by biopsy and ultrasound and the treatment is chemo and palliative treatment.
What is variocele and how is is treated?
Enlargement of the veins if the spermatic cord, commonly occurring above the left testicle. It is rarely found before puberty and has an abnormal feeling of heaviness. It is treated by surgical ligation.
What is hydrocele, what are the causes of hydrocele and how is it treated?
An accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis testis; one of the most common causes of scrotal swelling. Its causes can be either secondary or chronic and is treated by aspiration and injection of sclerosing agent.
What is spermatocele?
A painless diverticulum of epididymis filled with milky fluid containing sperm. It is relieved by scrotal support.
What is Cryptorchidism? and what happens if it is left untreated?
Is when one or both testes fail to descend; most common congenital condition; developmental delay.
How is cryptorchidism evaluated and treated?
It is evaluated by an exam, CT (computed tomography or "cat scan") or ultrasound. It is treated by hormone therapy or orchipexy.
What is Testicular Torsion?
A rotation of the testes that can occur at any age; happens most commonly at puberty.
What are the manifestations, evaluation and treatment of Testicular Torsion?
Pain and swelling, may be spontaneous, after physical exertion or trauma. It is evaluated by a urinalysis or ultrasound. Treatment as a surgical emergency, surgery must be performed within 6 hours.
What is orchitis?
Uncommon, acute inflammation of testes due to trauma, ischemia, metastasis, mumps (most common cause), or infection elsewhere in the body.
What are the manifestations of Orchitis?
Sudden onset of mumps, high fever, erythema, edema, tenderness, leukocytosis and it may cause sterility.
What is Testicular Cancer?
Cancer that starts in the testes, right side more common.It is among the most curable of cancers, it is uncommon, happens in males ages 15-35; higher is Caucasians.
What are the risk factors and manifestations of testicular cancer?
Risk factors include: testicle did not descend or inherited. Manifestations include: lump, swelling, and enlargement, ache in lower back, abdomen or groin; pain and discomfort in the scrotum; feeling of heaviness, and sudden buildup of fluid.
How is testicular cancer evaluated and treated?
Evaluated by testicular self-exam, physical exam, labs, ultrasound, and biopsy and treated by surgery, radiation or chemo.
What is epididymitis?
Inflammation of the epididymides (testes). May occur as a result of trauma or the reflux of sterile urine up the vas deferens.
How is epididymitis transmitted?
Transmitted sexually by gonorrhea and chlamydia and non-sexually by bacterial infection, TB (tuberculosis), drugs, or congenital.
What are the manifestations, evaluation and treatment of epididymitis?
Manifestations include: pain in scrotum and/or penis, swelling, discharge, fever, bacteriuria, urinary frequency. Evaluated by exam, elvated WBC (white blood cell count), ultrasound.Treatment: STD: antibiotic, treat sexual partner; NON-STD: antibiotic, symptom relief.
What is prostatitis?
Acute inflammation of the prostate. It is an ascending infection in men 30-50. THe pathogens include: E.Coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Ureaplasma, C. trachomatis.
What are the manifestations, evaluation and treatment of Prostatitis?
Manifestations include: prostatodynia, enlarged prostate, tender, firm, boggy, UTI (urinary tract infection), malaise, back pain, high fever, chills, dysuria, systemic. Evaluation includes: urine culture and massage for specimen. Treatment includes: antibiotics, hospitalization, bed rest, analgesics, adequate hydration.
What happens in Chronic Prostatitis?
It is recurrent and similar to a bladder infection. Treated by prostatic calculi, surgical removal of stone, and provide comfort measures.
What happens in NonBacterial Prostatis?
The most common prostatic inflammation without bacteria. Caused by sterile urine and treated by antibiotics. S/S are the same an bacterial but milder.
What is BPH?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy. S noncancerous age-related enlargement of the prostate gland.
What are some of the risk factors of BPH?
Age, family hx (History), race, diet, hormonal factors.
What are the manifestations, evaluation and treatment of BPH?
Manifestations include: weak urinary stream, dribbling, frequency, and nocturia. Evaluation includes: H & P (history and physical), DRE (digital rectal examination), UA (urinalysis), PSA (prostate specific antigen), ultrasound, CT, MRI and treatment includes: watch and wait and medications.
What are the rick factors of Prostate Cancer?
Most common male cancer and the cause is poorly understood. The risk factos include age, race (most common in African American men), family hx (history), environment, diet, exercise.
What are the manifestations, evaluation and treatment of Prostate Cancer?
Manifestations include: often no symptoms until advanced, bladder outlet obstruction, rectal obstruction, late symptoms are bone pain, edema, enlargement of lymph nodes, liver enlargement, fractures and confusion. Evaluated by DRE, PSA, Labs, TRUS, Biopsy and treatment depends in stage of disease.