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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the female reproductive system form?
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germ cells migrate from yolk sac to genital ridge
epithelium proliferates to form sex cords initial sex cords degenerate cortical sex cords form superficially surround germ cells lack of Sry expression leads to female phenotype development |
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How does the male reproductive system form?
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germ cells migrate from yolk sac to genital ridge
epithelium proliferates to form sex cords sex cords proliferate deep into gonad and form a network expression of Sry leads to formation of male gonad testosterone and Mullerian duct inhibiting substance lead to development of male tract |
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What are the most common intersexes?
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Freemartins
Hermaphrodites Pseudohermaphrodites |
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What causes freemartins, and what species is usually affected?
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fusion of chorioallantoic vessels in a twinning where one twin is male and the other is female results in masculinization of the female
almost exclusively seen in cattle |
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What are hermaphrodites?
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intersex animal with gonadal tissue of both sexes
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What is the most common genotype of a hermaphrodite?
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XX (genetic female)
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What species/breeds have a predisposition for being hermaphrodites?
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Cocker Spaniel
Norwegian Elkhound German Shorthair Pointer polled goats ("polled intersex syndrome") |
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What are pseudohermaphrodites?
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animals having the gonads of one sex and ambiguous external genitalia
*if testes= male pseudohermaphrodite, if ovaries= female pseudohermaphrodite regardless of genotype! |
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What is ovarian hypoplasia and what genotype is it associated with?
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seen in XO horses and cats
ovaries are small, and the remainder of the tract is infantile *may be seen with freemartins, intersexes, mules, and severely malnourished heifers too |
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What causes an anovulatory event?
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lack of LH spike or incorrect timing
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What is a follicular cyst?
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Graafian follicle that failed to ovulate
> 2.5 cm in cow, > 8mm in dog common in cattle and swine persist >10 days *do not occur in the mare |
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How is a follicular cyst different than a cystic corpus luteum?
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cystic CL forms after ovulation when a part of the CL does not luteinize
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If a cow has a cystic CL, is she pregnant?
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no, they are not seen concurrent with pregnancy
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Which species get cystic CL?
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cow, bitch
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What is the difference between a follicular cyst and a luteal cyst?
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A follicular cyst may become a luteal cyst if it persists and luteal tissue forms on the walls
both are anovulatory so no ovulation stigmata is seen |
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What structures resemble luteal cysts in the mare? How are they different?
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transitional follicles
They are normal structures at the beginning of the breeding season, and are anovulatory follicles that can have a rim of luteal tissue |
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What are hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles and what cosequences can they have?
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transitional follicle type structures that form with endotoxemia, can form ovarian hematomas and rupture
*can kill the mare |
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What types of paraovarian cysts occur? What species do they occur in?
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bursa associated: dogs
cystic rete ovarii: cats and guinea pigs hydatid of Morgagni: mares Inclusion cysts: mares |
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What is the most common ovarian neoplasm in cats, mares and cows? What is the prognosis?
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Granulosa cell tumor
prognosis is good, although queens are known to have more malignancy than other species |
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What are the two most common ovarian neoplasms in dogs?
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Epithelial neoplasia (adenoma, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma)
Granulosa cell tumors *equal incidence of each |
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What is the prognosis for epithelial ovarian neoplasia?
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poor, especially if it extends beyond the bursa
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Which species get thecal cell tumors and what is the prognosis?
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dogs, cats, cattle
prognosis is poor, especially in cattle |
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What is a luteoma?
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rare tumor of the sex cord stroma
has good prognosis |
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Which species get ovarian dysgerminomas? What are they? What is the prognosis?
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dog, cat
tumors of the germ cells (eggs) prognosis generally good due to sensitivity to radiation, although some can be malignant |
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Which species get ovarian leiomyoma?
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dog, prognosis generally good
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Which species get teratomas?
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young of all species
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What is uterus didelphys and what species gets it most commonly?
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failure of the Mullerian ducts to fuse
true uterus didelphys is rare, but 1-2% of cows have a persistent septum in the caudal cervix |
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What features are associated with uterine torsion?
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occurs in gravid uterus or if uterus is distended
may only affect one horn in multiparous species such as the pig, dog and cat |
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What predisposes females to uterine, cervical and/or vaginal prolapse?
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post-partum
dystocia exogenous estrogens |
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What is cervical fibrodysplasia?
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occurs in aged cattle (esp Bos indicus)
cervical tissue proliferates and causes cervix to be tortuous may cause cervical ring eversion |
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What is cervical ring eversion?
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protrusion of the caudal cervical rings into the vagina
usually due to proliferation of cervical tissue in old cows |
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What is cervical prolapse?
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protrusion of cervix outside the body
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What is the pathogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia?
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exaggerated response of the uterine lining to progesterone after sensitization by estrogens
cystic or polypoid seen in dog and cat (uncommon in cattle, horses) high incidence of pyometra in association with EH |
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What circumstances favor infection of the uterus in perparturient/cycling females?
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high levels of progesterone, which inhibit bacterial killing, decrease uterine tone, and induce E. coli K antigen receptors on endometrial cells
*also, estrogen has relaxed the cervix enough to allow more bacterial entry |
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How do different species react to pyometra?
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life threatening in dog and cat requiring immediate surgery
not as severe in horses and cattle |
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What is the difference between endometrial cysts and endometrial lymphatic cysts?
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Endometrial cysts are part of endometrial hyperplasia and are associated with the endometrium itself, while endometrial lymphatic cysts are distended lymphatics
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What species commonly gets endometrial lymphatic cysts, and are they problematic?
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multiparous horses get them
they are associated with infertility |
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What is endometriosis, what species does it occur in, and what problems does it cause?
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endometrial proliferation after reflux out the uterine tube during menstruation
seen in primates tissue implants throughout the abdomen and grows every cycle, causing adhesions between the viscera |
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What are the two primary uterine neoplasias and what species do they most commonly affect?
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adenocarcinoma: cows, rabbits
leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma: seen in all animals, most severe in lab animals and goats |
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What metastatic neoplasms are seen in the uterus?
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lymphoma due to BLV in cattle
rare otherwise |
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What factors favor infection of the vagina and cervix?
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contamination at coitus, poor conformation
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What species get fibropapillomas of the vagina/vulva and what is the etiology?
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cattle
viral induced, regress spontaneously |
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What species get squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina/vulva?
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mares, cows
poor prognosis because multicentric and recurrent |
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What are the common neoplasms of the vulva/vagina in dogs?
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transmissible venereal tumor
leiomyoma |
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What are the features of canine venereal tumors?
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transmitted by transfer of neoplastic histiocytes
cells are aneuploid and XO presents as a lobulated, fleshy, hemorrhagic mass rarely metastatic |
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What animals are most likely to get melanoma/melanosarcoma of the vulva?
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aged gray mares
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What is feline mammary hypertrophy?
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seen in male and female cats that have been given progestins to control behaviors
proliferation of ducts with glandular hyperplasia may regress, but OHE speeds resorption |
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What features control the occurence of mammary tumors in domestic animals?
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hormones (either progesterone or estrogens)
OHE obesity |
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What are the key features controlling mastitis?
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smegma
teat eversion teat orifice abnormalities *most are ascending infections! |
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What causes the parenchymal loss associated with mastitis?
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edema, exudate, fibroplasia, and granulation tissue produced in response to the pathogens cause involution
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What are the sequelae to mastitis?
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abscesses
sequestra gangrene fibrosis loss of production |
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What type of mastitis do the following produce:
Strep Staph Coliforms Corynebacterium/Actinomyces Clostridium and Bacillus Mycoplasma and lentiviruses Fungus |
chronic and subclinical
deep multifocal, sometimes gangrenous fibrinohemorrhagic and necrotic necrotizing and pyogenic gangrenous chronic, fibrotic uncommon |
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What is a macerated fetus?
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died in utero, contaminated by bacteria and turned fetid
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What is anasarca?
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generalized, whole body edema seen in English bulldogs, calves and sometimes others
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What is a mummified fetus?
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fetus that died in utero but was not expelled, resorbed or contaminated, so it becomes hard and dry
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Define oligohydramnion
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decreased amount of amniotic fluid often as a result of bunyaviral infection
*may result in arthrogryposis and vertebral column deviation |
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define hydrops allantois
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excess allantoic fluid
maternal failure to absorb fluid, fetus may be anasarcatous |
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define hydrops amnion
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excess amniotic fluid
fetal failure to absorb fluid, often due to head malformations preventing swallowing |
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define hippomane
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aggregate of cell debris in the allantoic cavity of horses, cattle, sheep
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define pseudocyesis
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false pregnancy seen in dogs
may be accompanied by mothering behaviors (pseudogenetria) |
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What is the normal pre-partum cascade of events?
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fetus triggers parturition by releasing ACTH, triggering a cortisol surge
enzymes are triggered to convert progesterone to estrogens in the placenta this causes an increase in prostaglandins and cervical dilation uterine contractions are stimulated because estrogens trigger oxytocin receptors |
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What causes prolonged gestation?
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upsetting the signals at partum
a) fetal adrenal hypoplasia b) fetal adenohypophyseal aplasia c) fetal pituitary defects due to maternal ingestion of Veratrum californicum |
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Describe the placenta of
a) ruminants b) horses c) carnivores |
a) epitheliochorial, cotyledonary, indeciduate
b) epitheliochorial, diffuse, indeciduate c) endotheliochorial, zonary, deciduate |
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What is adventitial placentation?
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intercotyledonary attachment of the placenta initiated by the fetus due to inadequacy of the maternal attachments
*fetus senses it isn't getting enough O2/nutrients, attempts to make more connections |
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What is teratogenesis? What can happen?
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ability to damage the fetus (drug, chemical, plants)
can cause death, malformation, runting, decreased litter size |
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What is different in the pathogenesis of late term abortions in cows versus horses?
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in cows they tend to be caused by hematogenous origin, while in horses they tend to be via the cervix
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What is subinvolution in dogs?
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failure of regression of placental trophoblasts, inability of the uterine wound to heal resulting in persistent passage of bloody lochia for more than six weeks
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What causes testicular degeneration and/or necrosis?
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pressure due to edema
increased temperature due to fever, dermatitis, periorchitis or cryptorchism vasculitis torsion infarction radiation/chemotherapy hypovitaminosis A toxins |
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What is the most common testicular neoplasm in dogs, cats, and bulls?
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interstitial cell tumor
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What is the most common testicular neoplasm in the stallion?
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seminoma
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How do you tell interstitial cell, sertoli cell, and seminoma neoplasms apart grossly?
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Interstitial cell tumors are soft, yellow to tan and hemorrhagic
sertoli cell tumors are multilobulated, firm, gray to white and easily palpated seminomas are gray and soft |
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Which testicular tumor secretes hormones and in what particular species and location does this occur most frequently?
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Sertoli cell tumors secrete estrogens, especially in cryptorchid testes in dogs
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What is the problem with seminomas?
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often diagnosed after metastasis all over the abdomen from cryptorchid testes
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What are the causes of testicular hypoplasia?
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intersex animal
cryptorchid malnutrition *both testis and epididymis small |
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What are the causes of orchitis and epididymitis in domestic animals?
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Mycobacterium, feline coronavirus, Coccidioides, Blastomycosis, Brucellosis, Actinobacillosis, Histophilus
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What is a sperm granuloma?
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occurs when spermatozoa escape from the tubule system and cause an immune reaction because they are difficult to break down
*type of sterile granuloma |
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What is funiculitis?
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inflammation of the distal epididymis and proximal vas deferens due to contamination during castration
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What is uterus masculinus?
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remnant of the Mullerian ducts, may be cystic
*not pathogenic |
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What is cystic prostatic hyperplasia?
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hyperplasia with cyst formation of the prostate in old intact dogs
requires secretion of testosterone and estrogens may cause stranguria |
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What is the most common cause of prostatitis?
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reflux contamination from the urinary tract
*often supperative or forms abscesses |
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What is a prostatic retention cyst?
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enlarged prostatic cyst attached by a stalk
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How is a paraprostatic cyst different from a prostatic retention cyst?
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Paraprostatic cysts are free in the pelvic canal and are not connected by a stalk, even though they are of prostatic tissue origin
Paraprostatic cysts may become ischemic and mineralize |
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What is a potential problem with paraprostatic and prostatic retention cysts?
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cause straining if they are in the pelvic canal, can lead to perineal hernia
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What types of tumors occur in the canine prostate?
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adenocarcinoma (most common)
squamous cell carcinoma transitional cell carcinoma |
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What is the prognosis for canine prostatic neoplasms?
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very poor
metastasize to bladder, lung and brain, often entrap structures and block urination and defecation |
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define hypospadius
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ventral opening of the penile urethra
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define epispadius
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dorsal opening of the urethra
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What is the problem with persistence of the penile frenulum?
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does not allow the penis to exteriorize
frenulum must be cut if it fails to separate at puberty |
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define priapism
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persistent erection of the penis not associated with breeding
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define paraphimosis
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inability to replace the penis inside the prepuce due to swelling
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define phimosis
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inability to exteriorize the penis due to stricture or swelling
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What is the most common penile/preputial neoplasm of the dog?
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canine transmissible venereal tumor
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What species get fibroma and fibropapilloma of the prepuce/penis?
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all species, but especially the bull
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What species get squamous cell carcinoma of the prepuce/penis?
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horses with unpigmented skin
sometimes dogs *poor prognosis! |
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What species most commonly gets melanoma of the prepuce/penis?
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old gray stallions
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When do penile hematomas occur, and what other problem can they trigger?
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often occur after coitus, due to trauma
they can be a site of secondary metastatic abscess because of necrosis and compromised vasculature at the site |
