Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the two evidence of menopause?
|
- 12 months of amenorrhea
- serum FSH > 40 IU/I |
|
|
Menopause reflects a permenant loss of _____ production.
|
estrogen
|
|
|
Perimenopause / postmenopause / early postmenopause?
- mense cycle length variation |
perimenopause (climacteric)
- hormonal transition period |
|
|
Perimenopause / postmenopause / early postmenopause?
- all years after final menstrual period |
postmenpause
|
|
|
Perimenopause / postmenopause / early postmenopause?
- within 5 years after final menstrual period |
early postmenopause
|
|
|
Number of primordial follicles
- at birth |
1-2 million
|
|
|
Number of primordial follicles
- at puberty |
400,000
|
|
|
Number of primordial follicles
- menopause |
0
|
|
|
Average age of natural menopause in the US.
|
51
|
|
|
What are some other causes of menopause besides natural cause?
|
- sugical
- premature ovarian failure: before age 40, genetic, autoimmune, chemo/radiation. - chemotherapy/radiaion |
|
|
What is the cause of hot flashes in menopausal women?
|
- lack of estrogen
- vasomotor symptom |
|
|
What are the cause of the following symptoms in menopause?
- lethargy, wt gain - depression - memory loss - high cholesterol, LDL - low HDL |
- hypothryoidisim
- lack of estrogen |
|
|
How does estrogen therapy improve vasomotor symptoms?
|
- decrease hot flash, night sweat, period of wakefullness during night
- reduce sleep latency - increase the percentage of rem sleep |
|
|
What are some alternative therapy other than estrogen for the vasomotor symtoms (hot flashes, night sweats)?
|
- exercise
- SSRI's - Herbs, vitamines |
|
|
What is this called in post menopausal women?
- thinning of vaginal tissue - decreased vaginal lubrication - atrophic vaginitis |
vaginal atrophy
|
|
|
Treatment for vaginal atrophy.
|
- estrogen (oral, vaginal)
- lubricants: astroglide, KY, replens |
|
|
What are some postmenopausal skin changes?
|
- atrophy
- dryness - wrinkles - impaired wound healing |
|
|
What enzymes in estrogen synthesis exist in the skin?
|
- aromatase
- 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I |
|
|
Where are estrogen receptors located in the skins ( what type of cells, structures)?
|
- epidermal keratinocyte
- dermal fibroblasts - blood vessels - hair follicles |
|
|
What are some causes of post menopausal bleeding?
|
- endometrial cancer
- cervical cancer - vaginal/endometrial atrophy - hormone therapy |
|
|
What is the leading cause of death in post-menopausal women?
|
cardiovascular
|
|
|
When to measure BMD in postmenopausal women?
|
- all women > age 65
- post menopausal women <65 yrs old if: 1) result might influence decisions about intervention, 2) one or more risk factors, 3) history of fracture |
|
|
Who should ibe considered for osteoporotic treatment?
|
- post menopausal women with T score below -2 with no risks
- post menopausal women with T score below -1.5 with at least one risk factor |
|
|
What are some non-pharmacologic treatment for osteoporosis?
|
- stop smoking
- weight bearing exercise - ca supplement 1200mg/day - vitD 800u/day |
|
|
What are some pharmacologic treatment for osteoporosis?
|
- estrogen +/- progestin
- SERM: Raloxifene, Tamoxifen - bisphosphonates: Alendronate, Risedronate, Zoledronic acidm Etidronate disodium - calcitonin - PTH - fluoride |
|
|
What are some oral estrogen treatment for menopause?
|
- premarine: conjugated equine estrogen
- Estratab, estratest: esterified estrogen - estrace - Estropipate-piperazine estrone-sulfate - estradiol-17B - estrogel, evamist |
|
|
What is this drug?
- estrogen therapy - conjugated equine estrogen |
premarine
|
|
|
What is this drug?
- estrogen therapy - esterified estrogen |
- Estratab
- Estratest |
|
|
Common side effect of this drug:
- estrogen +/- progestin |
breakthrough bleeding
|
|
|
Common side effect of this drug:
- Alendronate (Fosemax) |
gastric ulcers
|
|
|
Common side effect of this drug:
- Risedronate |
upper GI symptoms
|
|
|
Common side effect of this drug:
- Raloxifene |
hot flashes
|
|
|
Common side effect of this drug:
- calcitonin |
nasal irritation
|
|
|
Give one downside of estrogen therapy for menopause.
|
- risk of DVT
- abnormal uterine bleeding |
