Reproductive - Male

Front 1

male primary sex organs (gonads) produce gametes and secrete what sex hormones

Back 1

testes, sperm, androgens (inc. testosterone)

Front 2

accessory reproductive organs include 3 kinds of structures

Back 2

ducts, glands, external genitalia

Front 3

sperm delivered to exterior through system of ducts: (4 steps)

Back 3

epididymis

ductus/vans deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

Front 4

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands are all examples of

Back 4

accessory sex glands

Front 5

scrotum is a sac of ______ and ___________ that hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity and requires a body temp ___ degrees lower than core body for spermatogenesis

Back 5

skin and superficial fascia

3 deg

Front 6

scrotal thermoregulators

Back 6

dartos muscle

cremaster muscles

pampiniform plexus

Front 7

dartos muscle is what kind of muscle; what does it do

Back 7

smooth; wrinkles scrotal skin and elevates testes

right beneath scrotal skin

Front 8

cremaster muscles is what kind of muscle

is a continuation of ________

Back 8

skeletal muscle that tenses scrotum and pulls testes closer to body

a continuation of internal oblique

covers spermatic cord

Front 9

testes each surrounded by two tunics & what they're made of

Back 9

tunica vaginalis - outer layer derived from peritoneum

tunica albuginea - inner layer; fibrous capsule

Front 10

layers of scrotum

Back 10

skin

dartos muscle

superficial scrotal fascia

cremaster muscle

tunica vaginalis w scrotal cavity

tunica albuginea

Front 11

testes divided into ~250 lobules by _______. Each lobule contains 1-4 ___________, which is the site of sperm production

Back 11

testes divided into lobules by septa (tunica albuginea)

each lobule contains seminiferous tubules: the site of spermatogenesis

Front 12

sperm conveyed from seminiferous tubules to epididymis through this route:

Back 12

seminiferous tubules

straight tubule

rete testis

efferent ductules

epididymis

Front 13

what cells surround seminiferous tubules; what do they produce

Back 13

interstitial endocrine cells produce androgens, e.g., testosterone, and secrete it into interstitial fluid

Front 14

testicular arteries arise from which artery

Back 14

abdominal aorta

Front 15

testicular veins arise from _______ surrounding each testicular artery.

why do the veins surround the artery?

Back 15

pampiniform venous plexus

veins surround the artery to absorb heat and keep testes cool

Front 16

spermatic cord contains _____________(5 things) and is covered by ______________

Back 16

ductus deferens, genitofemoral nerve to the testes, testicular artery, deferential artery, and pampiniform plexus of veins

covered by fascia and cremaster muscle

Front 17

spermatic cord enters the abdominal cavity through the ________ and continues to ________

Back 17

superficial inguinal ring - once it passes, the cord ends but the ductus deferens continues to the ampulla at the posterior of bladder where it joins with seminal gland

Front 18

duct from vas deferens and duct from seminal vesicle form the

Back 18

ejaculatory duct (sperm mixes with seminal fluid)

Front 19

penis consists of root and shaft that ends in __________. The foreskin is called ________

Back 19

glans penis

prepuce

Front 20

spongy urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue consist of

Back 20

spongy network of CT and smooth muscle with vascular spaces

Front 21

corpus spongiosum surrounds _______

Back 21

surrounds urethra and expands to form glans (purple on model)

Front 22

corpora cavernose are paired erectile tissue to the anterior of

Back 22

the corpus spongiosum (sort of looks like it surrounds it, but not posteriorly)

Front 23

route of ducts that carry sperm from testes to body exterior

Back 23

- epididymis

- ductus deferens

- expands to form ampulla, joins duct of seminal vesicle to form

- ejaculatory duct

- urethra

Front 24

function of epididymis

Back 24

storage and maturation of sperm (2-3 mos)

Front 25

during ejaculation, epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into __________

Back 25

the ductus deferens

Front 26

urethra has three regions

Back 26

1) prostatic urethra

2) intermediate/membranous urethra in urogenital diapraghm (after prostate, before spongy urethra - very small area)

3) spongy urethra

Front 27

urethra opens at

Back 27

external urethral orifice

Front 28

3 seminal glands produce semen (except for sperm) with percentages

Back 28

paired seminal glands/vesicles 60-70%

paired bulbo-urethral glands 5-10%

prostate gland 25%

Front 29

2 seminal glands contracts during ejaculation and produces seminal fluid that contains

Back 29

alkaline seminal fluid containing fructose and coagulant

Front 30

1 prostate gland contracts during ejaculation and produces

Back 30

slightly acidic fluid contains antiobiotic substance to prevent UTIs in men

role in sperm activation

Front 31

2 bulbourethral glands contract during ejaculation and produce

aka.

Back 31

present in pelvic floor, slightly alkaline helps neutralize acidity of vaginal tract

aka cowper's glands

Front 32

semen is a mixture of

Back 32

sperm and accessory gland secretions

Front 33

head, neck and tail of sperm contains

Back 33

head: nucleus and helmetlike, hydrolytic acrosome

neck: mitochondria super-coiled for power

tail: made of centrioles

Front 34

cryptorchid testes happen when:

Back 34

testes don't descend and the scrotal sac is empty - can't do spermatogenesis because of high temperature within body

Front 35

main purpose of seminal fluid:

Back 35

nourishment of sperm

Front 36

spermatogenesis takes place in

Back 36

seminiferous tubules of testes

Front 37

septa are the collagen fibers of _____

Back 37

the tunica albuginea

Front 38

what connects the rete testis to the epididymis

Back 38

efferent ductules

Front 39

between seminiferous tubules are blood vessels and large ________ cells which produce ________

Back 39

interstitial cells of Leydig produce androgens/testosterone

Front 40

stem cells at the outermost layer of semniferous tubules are called ________

Back 40

spermatogonia

Front 41

spermatogonia have ________ chromosomes are called _________

Back 41

spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes and are called diploid

Front 42

spermatogonia undergo mitosis to create Spermatogonia A, which goes to ________, and Spermatogonia B, which goes to ________

Back 42

Spermatogonia A is an undifferentiated stem cell that stays at the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule

Spermatogonia B is pushed toward lumen and differentiates into a primary spermatocyte

Front 43

Spermatogonia A and B have how many chromosomes

Back 43

42; diploid

Front 44

Primary Spermatocyte undergoes mitosis or meiosis

Back 44

meiosis (spermatogonia undergo mitosis)

Front 45

meiosis produces gametes that contain ____ the number of chromosomes

Back 45

half; haploid

Front 46

in meiosis, there are ____ (number of) divisions that produce _____ different haploid gametes each containing _____ (number of) individual chromosomes

Back 46

in meiosis, there are two divisions that produce 4 different haploid gametes each containing 23 number of individual gametes (haploid)

Front 47

in the testes, the first step in meiosis is the division of a primary spermatocyte to produce a pair of ____________ which then produce a pair of

Back 47

primary spermatocyte produces 2 secondary spermatocytes, which produce 2 spermatids

Front 48

how many spermatids are produced for every primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis?

Back 48

four - two secondary that produce two spermatids each

Front 49

DNA replication of a diploid primary spermatocyte cell produces 4 homologous pairs called _______ joined by ________

Back 49

tetrads joined by a synapsis. the two non-sister chromatids that are touching exchange genetic material (crossing over)

Front 50

spermiogenesis is the ________________

Back 50

physical maturation into spermatozoa

Front 51

during spermiogenesis, spermatids are embedded within the cytoplasm of large ______ cells, which are attached to the _______ of the tubular capsule and extend toward the ___________, which hold sperm at different stages of development

Back 51

nurse or sertoli cells (aka sustentacular cells)

they are attached to the basal lamina and extend toward the lumen

Front 52

nurse/sertoli cells produce a hormone called _______, protect the sperm by forming ________, and produce ____________, as well as act as ____________

Back 52

nurse cells produce inhibin

form the blood-testis barrier

produce ABP - androgen-binding protein/testosterone binding receptor

and act as phagocytes

Front 53

crossing over happens in the tetrads of the meiosis of the ______ spermatocyte because each chromatid in a tetrad belongs to the same chromosome pair

Back 53

primary spermatocyte meiosis involves the tetrad and crossing over

Front 54

meiosis II is necessary because the double stranded chromosomes of secondary spermatocytes must reduced to 1-stranded chromosomes, producing four haploid ____

Back 54

spermatids with single stranded chromosomes

Front 55

epithelium lining the lumen of epididymis

Back 55

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 56

epithelium lining ductus deferens

Back 56

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium