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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is another way genetic variability is introduced during Meiosis I?
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during the lining up phase, the homologous chromosome line up randomly at the equator so that either the maternal or paternal chromosome can be on a given side of the equator.
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What is the process of meiosis and where does it occur?
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the process by which eggs and sperm get their genetic makeup
it occurs in the testes and ovaries |
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Human cells have how many chromosomes?
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46 chromosomes which are actually 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
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What are not identical, but look alike and carry genes that code for the same traits?
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homologous chromosomes
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What is the first step of meiosis?
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one round of DNA replication
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What is the second step of meiosis?
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two nuclear divisions which produce 4 daughter cells
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In meiosis, the 4 daughter cells have _____ as many chromosomes as normal body cells (haploid)
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half
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What phase of meiosis do the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equator and separate into two daughter cells?
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Meiosis I
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In meiosis II, the resulting 23 chromosomes line up in each daughter cell and duplicates (sister chromatids) separate with the result being four cells with 23 ______ ______.
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individual chromosomes
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What is one way genetic variability is introduced during meiosis I?
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While the homologous chromosomes temporarily are next to each other, they can exchange genetic material between the maternal and paternal chromosome called crossing over
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Define genital herpes
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-caused by human herpes virus type 2
-may remain silent for weeks or years and then flare up with blister like lesions -transmission of virus by infectious secretions or direct skin to skin contact |
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Define genital warts
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caused by human papillomavirus
linked to cervical cancer |
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Define syphilis
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-caused by treponema pallidum
-bacterium is transmitted sexually or congenitally -in primary phase a sore appears at site of infection -secondary phase, weeks later, characterized by pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain; latent period folows; tertiary phase characterized by gummas, destructive lesions of CVS, bones and skin |
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Define gonorrhea
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-caused by Neisseria Gonorrheae
-bacteria is spread by contact with genital, anal and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces -males: causes urethritis -females: abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge and abnormal uterine bleeding |
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A females total supply of eggs is in place when?
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at birth
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When ovulation occurs, where is egg cast?
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into the peritoneal cavity
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What are ovaries held in place by?
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ligaments
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What stimulates the anterior pituitary to make follicle- stimulating and luteinizing hormone?
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hypothalamus
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What 3 accessory glands assist in production of semen?
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-seminal vesicles
-bulbourethral glands -prostate gland |
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What are the parts of sperm and what is each pieces function?
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head- contains genetic material
mid piece- lots of mitochondria for energy generation tail- flagellum, for propulsion |
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After meiosis II, what are the 4 haploid cells referred to as?
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spermatids
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In the spermiogenesis process, what do the spermatids do?
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elongate, shed excess cytoplasm, and form a tail
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Sperm gain the ability to swim where?
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epididymis
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What is the shedding of endometrium caused by falling progesterone levels?
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menstruation
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What binds to interstitial cells and causes them to secrete testosterone which serves as final trigger for sperm formation?
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LH
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Define antrum
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a central fluid-filled cavity which is the hallmark of a secondary follicle
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What produces mucus to protect uterus from bacterial infections and also to keep sperm out unless it is in midcycle ?
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cervix
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What functions to receive, retain and nourish a fertilized ovum?
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uterus
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What stimulates the male secondary sex characteristics, causes sperm formations and is responsible for sex drive in both sexes?
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testosterone
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When estrogen levels get really high, the anterior pituitary is stimulated to release a burst of LH around day 14 what occurs?
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ovulation
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What produces a small amount of testosterone in females?
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adrenal glands
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Describe vesicular follicle
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the oocyte bulges from the surface of the ovary just prior to ovulation
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What is the outer most layer of uterus and also part of the visceral peritoneum?
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Perimetrium
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What is produced in response to parasympathetic reflex and causes arterioles of the penis to dilate in an erection?
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nitric oxide
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Where does sperm and seminal fluid mix together?
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ejaculatory duct
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What is a general term for an egg or sperm?
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gamete
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What layer of the uterus does a fertilized ovum burrow and sheds during menstrual cycle if implantation does not occur?
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endometrium
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What produces an acidic fluid which contains citrate (nutrient) and several enzymes which activate the sperm?
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prostate gland
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What does estrogen do?
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stimulates secondary sexual characteristics in female and maturation of oocytes
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Define a primordial follicle
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a developing oocyte with a single layer of surrounding cells
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What is associated with the spermatic cord?
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ductus deferens
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What is a component of sperm that provides energy to sperm?
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fructose
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Where are sperm produced?
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seminiferous tubules
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What does the bulbourethral gland do?
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-produce thick, clear mucus
-the mucus is secreted into the urethra before ejaculation to neutralize traces of acidic urine |
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What secreted progesterone and some estrogen, which shuts down LH and FSH from the pituitary so no more follicles develop at this time?
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Corpus luteum
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What is a
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hg
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Which contains the DNA and the acrosome |
Head |
