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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interesting draining of gonads?
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Left side goes through renal vein before IVC (like adrenals). Varicocele more common on left.
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Pathway of sperm?
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SEVEN UP.
seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, penis |
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Nerves and penis shooting
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Parasymp - pelvic
Emission - hypogastric (symp) Ejaculation - pudendal (visceral and somatic) |
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Sperm parts are?
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Middle = mitochondria. Acrosome - golgi. Tail - centriole. Feeds on fructose.
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What do Sertoli cells do?
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Secrete inhibin. Support sperm. Produce anti-mullerian hormone. Form blood-testis barrier.
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What function do Theca externa cells have?
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Connective tissue for follicles
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What function do granulosa cells have?
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Converting androgen to estrogen (aromatase)
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What function do theca interna cells have?
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Synthesizing androgens
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Do turner syndrome pts have secondary sexual characteristics?
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No
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What can you block with isolation of the ischial spine?
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pudendal . S2-S4
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What are functions of testosterone?
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1) differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
2) Growth spurt 3) Deeping of voice 4) Closing of epiphyseal plates 5) Libido |
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Describe conversion of sex hormones to estrogen
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testosterone and androstenedione to estrogen in adipose. Seroli cellds by aromatase.
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Estrogen source
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ovary, placenta
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Potency of estrogens
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estradiol > estrone > estriol
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Function of estrogen
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1) Devo of genitalia and breast, female fat distribution
2) Growth of follicle, increase myometrial excitability, endometrial porlif 3) increase protein transport, SHBG; increase HDL, decrease LDL |
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Estrogen changes in pregnancy
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50 fold with estradiol and estrone. 1000x of estriol
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Progesterone sources
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corpus luteum, placenta, adrenal cortex, testes
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Functions of progesterone
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maintain pregnancy, decrease myometrial excitability, production of thick cervical mucus, increase body temperature, uterine smooth muscle relaxation
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Menstrual cycle and functions of hormones
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Estrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation, progesterone maintains endometrium to support implantation
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Order of elevation of hormones in menstrual cycle
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estrogen, LH, ovulate, Progesterone (corpus luteum) , menstruation
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Oogenesis phases
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Meiosis I - prophase
Meiosis II - metaphase until fertilization |
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What induces lactation?
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decrease in maternal steroids (estrogen blocks it)
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What is source of hCG?
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syncytiotrophoblast of placenta
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Procedure for androgen insensitivity syndrome?
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remove testes to prevent malignancy
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What may present with increased B-HCG, honeycombed uterus, abnormal vaginal bleeding?
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Hydatidiform mole, prolif of trophoblast. Precursor for choriocarcinoma. Partial has FETAL PARTS.
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Common causes of recurrent miscarriages - 1st weeks, 1st trimester, 2nd trimester
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1st weeks - low progesterone levels
1st trimester - chromosomal abnormalities 2nd trimester- bicornuate uterus |
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What causes pre-eclampsia?
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placental ischemia due to impaired vasodilation of spiral arteries. Associated with Hemolysis, Elevated LFTs, Low Platelets
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Treat pre-eclampsia?
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Magnesium sulfate and diazepam
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What is a sign of placenta previa?
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Painless bleeding during any trimester
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Characteristics of endometriosis?
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cyclic bleeding with blood-filled chocolate cysts. Menstrual-related pain.
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What is most common of all tumors in the female?
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leiomyoma.
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Gynecologic tumor epidemiology
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Incidence - endometrial > ovarian >cervical
Mortality - ovarian > cervical > endometrial |
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Treatment for PCOS
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weight loss, OCPs, gonadotropin analogs, clomiphene, surgery
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Ovarian germ cell tumors matched to tumor markers
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hCG and LDH = dysgerminoma
hCG = choriocarcinoma AFP = yolk sac tumor (children) |
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Cell types with gynecological structure
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Ovary - simple cuboidal
fallopian - simple columnar uterus - simple columnar cervix - simple columnar/stratified squamous vagina - stratified squamous |
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Lymph node drainage for testes/ovaries
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retroperitoneal (paraaortic)
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Lymp node drainage for distal 1/3 vagina/scrotum
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superficial inguinal
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Lymph node drainage for proximal 2/3 vagina/scrotum
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obturator, external iliac, hypogastric
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What is most common cause of breast lumps?
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fibrocystic disease
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What is pathogen of acute mastitis
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S aureus
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What are drug causes of gynecomastia
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Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimetidine, Alcohol, and Ketoconazole.
Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers |
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What are treatments for BPH?
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Terazosin, tamsulosin
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Describe testicular germ cell tumors
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95% of all testicular tumors. Painful = embryonal - bad prognosis. Painless, most common = Seminoma.
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What do you see if there's incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis?
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Hydrocele
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What is common Pneile cancer?
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SCC. Associated with HPV, lack of circumcision
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When is hCG detectable?
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8 days
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What is Potter Syndrome? Classically associated with?
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Pulmonary hypoplasia, limb deformities. Classically due to oligohydramnios. Amniotic fluid is needed for lung development a lot of times.
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What fetal abnormalities can result in polyhydramnios?
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anencephaly or issues with swallowing like GI abnormalities/obstruction
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What is an example of failed apoptosis in neonate?
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duodenal atresia
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What GI abnormality is Downs associated with?
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Duodenal atresia
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What are signs of infant botulism?
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constipation and muscle paralysis
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What are signs of PKA?
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developmental delay, MR, mousy body odor, fair skin
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What are signs of congenital hypothyroidism?
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hypotonia, poor feeding, jaundice, macroglossia, constipation, umbilical hernia
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What are signs of maternal Vit A overdose?
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craniofacial abnormalities, posterior fossa CNS deficits, auditory defects, abnormalities of the great vessels
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What leads to caudal regression syndrome?
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Maternal uncontrolled DM
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What are koilocyte findings?
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HPV there. Pyknotic nuclei. Perinuclear clearing.
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What is lichen sclerosus?
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Autoimmune. Vaginal pain/pruritus/cigarette paper skin. White macules --> can go to squamous cell carcinoma
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Leukoplakia is found where?
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On mouth/genitals. Not labia majora.
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What mediates higher levels of testosterone in seminiferous tubules?
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ABP from Sertoli Cells. SERTOLI CELLS.
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Round ligament is vestige of?
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Gubernaculum
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Peau d'orange represents?
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Suspensory ligaments to dermis getting involved
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Atretic follicles in the ovary represent?
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Apoptosis
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Vitamin Pregnant women should avoid?
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Vitamin A
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Differentiating between adenomyosis and endometriosis?
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Adenomyosis = enlarged uterus.
Endometriosis can do dyspareunia |
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Signs of Turner's?
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Lymph edema and hand swelling
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Ureters in adnexa are next to?
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Internal iliac
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R side gonads drain where?
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IVC
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Common sequela to hysterectomy mishap?
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Hydronephrosis
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Urethral trauma associated wiht pelvic fracture?
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Posterior/prostatic
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Most common urinary tract trauma?
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saddle injury/ anterior urethra. Hematoma confined to perineum by superficial pernial fascia with the fascia lata
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