Reproduction & Embryology Final

Front 1

Length of Menstrual Cycle

Back 1

average 28 days
may vary from 18 to 40 days

Front 2

Name the 5 phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Back 2

1. Menstrual Phase
2. Follicular (proliferative) Phase
3. Ovulation
4. Luteal Phase
5. Premenstrual Phase

Front 3

- Period of uterine bleeding accompanied by shedding of the endometrium

- Follicle begins to develop in ovary

- Average length is 4 to 5 days

Back 3

Menstrual Phase

Front 4

- Endometrium is repaired & thickens

- Follicle continues to develop & secretes estrogen

- Average length: 9 to 10 days

Back 4

Follicular (proliferative) Phase

Front 5

- Endometrium continues to grow

- Graafian follicle ruptures & liberates ovum (which moves into the uterine tubes

- Average occurrence in on the 14th day

Back 5

Ovulation

Front 6

- Endometrium continues to thicken in preparation for the ovum if it is fertilized

- Corpus luteum begins to develop in ruptured follicle & secretes progesterone

- Average Length: 10 - 12 days

Note: If fertilization occurs then the menstrual cycle is broken & pregnancy begins.

Back 6

Luteal Phase

Front 7

- Arteries constrict & endometrium becomes anemic & shrinks

- Corpus luteum of ovary begins involution & reduces production of hormones, especially progesterone

- Average Length: 1 or 2 days.

Back 7

Premenstrual or
Ischemic Phase

Front 8

Menstrual Irregularity: absence of flow when normally expected

Back 8

Amenorrhea

Front 9

Menstrual Irregularity: Scanty Flow

Back 9

Oligomenorrhea
Can occur during perimenopaus

Front 10

Menstrual Irregularity: Painful Menstruation

Back 10

Dysmenorrhea

Front 11

Menstrual Irregularity: Excessive flow (& loss of blood) during menstruation

Back 11

Menorrhagia

Front 12

Menstrual Irregularity: Loss of blood during intermenstrual periods; also called spotting

Back 12

Metrorrhagia

Front 13

Pregnancy begins with ______ of the ovum.

Back 13

fertilization

Front 14

As soon as the sperm enters the ovum, ____ changes take place and the _____ begins to form.

Back 14

cellular

embryo

Front 15

Umbilical cord forms and extends from the ______ to the ________

Back 15

placenta

embryo

Front 16

Through the umbilical chord _____ umbilical arteries carry blood from the fetus to the capillaries of the fetal placenta and the ____ ____ returns the blood to the fetus

Back 16

two

umbilical vein

Front 17

How long does it take for the fetus to develop before it is born?

Back 17

~280 days

Front 18

The fetus floats in a bag of ____ _____?

Back 18

amniotic fluid

Front 19

How does the mother's body perform the functions of waste elimination & acquiring cell food for the growth of the fetus?

Back 19

Osmosis through the
placental membranes

Front 20

The fetus is delivered when the cervix of the uterus dilates & flattens enough for the fetus to be pushed into the vaginal canal bu the muscles in the ______ body & _______

Back 20

fundus

vagina

Front 21

The penetration of a secondary oocyte by a single sperm cell

Back 21

syngamy

Front 22

Fertilization of a secondary oocyte by more than one sperm.

Back 22

polyspermy

Front 23

The attachment of a blastocyst to the endometrium

Back 23

implantation

Front 24

The fusion of the genetic material from a haploid sperm & a haploid secondary oocyte into a single diploid nucleus.

Back 24

fertilization

Front 25

The induction by the female reproductive tract of functional changes in sperm that allow them to fertilize a secondary oocyte.

Back 25

capacitation

Front 26

the examination of embryonic cells sloughed off into the amniotic fluid.

Back 26

amniocentesis

Front 27

An abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by sudden hypertension, large amounts of protein the urine, & generalized edema.

Back 27

preeclampsia

Front 28

The process of giving birth

Back 28

parturition

Front 29

The period of time (about 6 weeks) during which the maternal reproductive organs & physiology return to the pre-pregnancy state.

Back 29

puerperium

Front 30

the control of inherited traits by the combined effects of many genes.

Back 30

polygenic inheritance

Front 31

the two alternative forms of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same location on the homologous chromosomes.

Back 31

alleles

Front 32

inheritance based on genes that have more than two alternate forms; an example is the inheritance of blood type.

Back 32

multiple-allele inheritance

Front 33

Cell in which one or more chromosomes of a set is added or deleted

Back 33

aneuploid

Front 34

Refers to an individual with different alleles on homologous chromosomes

Back 34

heterozygous

Front 35

Traits linked to the X chromosome

Back 35

sex-linked inheritance

Front 36

Neither member of the allelic pair is dominant over the other, & the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the homozygous dominant & homozygous recessive

Back 36

incomplete dominance

Front 37

Refers to how the genetic makeup is expressed in the body

Back 37

phenotype

Front 38

A homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous genetic makeup; the actual gene arrangement

Back 38

genotype

Front 39

Refers to a person with the same alleles on the homologous chromosomes.

Back 39

homozygous

Front 40

individuals who possess a recessive gene ( but do not express it) & can pass the gene to their offspring.

Back 40

carriers

Front 41

An allele that masks the presence of another allele and is fully expressed

Back 41

dominant trait

Front 42

the embryonic membrane that entirely surrounds the embryo

Back 42

amnion

Front 43

functions as an early site of bloof formation; contains cells that migrate into the gonand & differentiate into the primitive germ cells

Back 43

yolk sac

Front 44

Becomes the principal part of the placenta; produces human chorionic gonadotropin

Back 44

chorion

Front 45

modifies endometrium after implantation has occurred; separates from the endometrium after the fetus is delivered

Back 45

decidua

Front 46

Contains the vascular connections between mother & fetus

Back 46

umbilical cord

Front 47

Allows oxygen & nutrients to diffuse from, maternal blood into fetal blood

Back 47

placenta

Front 48

Serves as an early site of blood vessel formation; its blood vessels serve as the umbilical connection in the placenta between mother & fetus

Back 48

allantois

Front 49

finger-like projections of the chorion that are bathed in maternal blood sinuses, thereby bringing maternal & fetal blood vessels into close proximity.

Back 49

chorionic villi

Front 50

a hollow sphere of cells that enters the uterine cavity

Back 50

blastocyst

Front 51

cells produced by cleavage

Back 51

blastomeres

Front 52

the developing individual from week nine of pregnancy until birth

Back 52

fetus

Front 53

the outer covering of cells of the blastocyst

Back 53

trophoblast

Front 54

Membranes derived from trophoblast

Back 54

chorion

Front 55

early divisions of the zygote

Back 55

cleavage

Front 56

a solid sphere of cells still surrounded by the zona pellucida

Back 56

morula

Front 57

event in which differentiation into the three primary germ layers occurs

Back 57

gastrulation