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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Androgens
anabolic steroids, produced by thecal cells in both males and females
Andropause:
Menopause for men, only affects 50% of men, lowered levels of testosterone
Aromatase
catalyzes testosterone into estrogen/estradiol. Happens in the womb, located in estrogen producing cells
Bipotential
stem cell/undifferentiated cell, can become male or female sex organs
bipotential tissue
gonad (medulla) + SRY protein=develops into testes, anti-mullerian degenerates mullerian duct, wolffian duct=male organs (vas deferens, seminal vesicle, epididymis), gonad (cortex) - SRY protein=develops into ovarian tissue, mullerian duct=female organs (fallopian tube, uterus, upper vagina), wolffian ducts degenerate, External genitalia either become feminized or masculinized
birth (parturition)
labor, delivery of baby, placental release and expulsion
Estradiol
form of estrogen, assists in endometrial regrowth, ovulation, and calcium absorption, responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics of females
Estrogen
Sex hormone produced by ovary, helps prepare ovary for pregnancy and maintaining pregnancy, peaks before ovulation (day 12/13) causes FSH and LH to surge, produced by corpus luteum, decreases as is degenerates
external genitalia
Visible genitalia (vulva/clitoris, penis/scrotum)
follicular phase
development/maturation of follicle, before ovulation. During this phase (early) estrogen is produced from granulosa cells and a positive feedback onto them, negative feedback on FSH, GnRH (late) granulosa cells produce inhibin negative onto FSH, higher estrogen positive onto GnRH, small progesterone positive onto GnRH
Gametes
Mature egg or sperm, produced by gonads, haploid= 23 chromosomes, FSH helps to produce (LH helps only in females), produced from germ cell
Gametogenesis
development of gamete (sex cell-sperm/eg) (see oogenesis and spermatogenesis
germ cell
Immature egg or sperm, contains only 46 chromosomes (diploid), leads to gamete
Gonadotropins
hormones released by pituitary (stimulate gonads), LH and FSH are examples, hCG (released by placenta, detected by pregnancy tests)
Gonads
testes or ovaries, contain germ cell
Inhibin
Produced by ovary (granulosa cells), inhibits FSH during late follicular phase, Produced by sertoli cells, inhibits FSH when sperm count is too high (slows down spermatogenesis), peaks around day 21
internal genitalia
sex organs not outside body
Labor
3 phases: dilation, birth, expulsion of afterbirth (placenta, amniotic sac, embryotic cord), positive feedback loop of oxytocin leads to contractions
Lactation
Production of milk after birth, stimulated by prolactin and oxytocin
luteal phase
Ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum, early—corpus luteum secretes increased estrogen, progesterone, inhibin negative feedback on GnRH and anterior pituitary (decreased FSH, LH), late—corpus luteum dies=decreased estrogen/ progesterone, GnRH tonic secretion resumes=increased FSH=new follicle develops
Meiosis
Cell division, produces gametes cells (haploid), timing different in males/females, (1) dna replicates (46 chromosomes)(2) 1st division (23 chromosomes, duplicated) (3) 2nd division (23 chromosomes, haploid)
Menopause
Caused by low levels of estrogen/progesterone, ovaries don’t respond to FSH/LH, leas to hot flashes, risk of osteoporosis
Menses
Actual days of menstruation, shedding of endometrium, aka menarche
Menstruation
28 day cycle, includes uterine cycle and menses (see menses)
Mitosis
Cell division, produces identical daughter cells (diploid, 46 chromosomes), produces germ cells,
Oocytes
Ovaries contain up to 500,000, , primary= 92 chromosomes, secondary= 46 chromosomes, haploid= 23 chromosomes, yields 1 egg, released at ovulation (ovum)
Oogenesis
Combination of mitosis/meiosis, leads to production of 1 viable egg and polar bodies (disintegrate)
ovarian cycle
refers to events in ovary follicles (maturation of oocyte and corpus luteum), 3 phases: (1) Follicular Phase: (development of follicle) slowly rising levels of FSH/LH and spike before ovulation, follicles release estrogen/progesterone (maintains endometrium) (2) Ovulation: (ripened follicle burst, oocyte released) LH causes most mature follicle to rupture(3) Luteal Phase: (maturation of follicle into corpus luteum) corpus luteum releases estrogen/progesterone (facilitates regrowth of uterine lining, negative FSH/LH (prevents more eggs release)) eventually degenerates, estrogen/progesterone drops leading to shedding of endometrium, GnRH no longer inhibited FSH/LH increases (see (1))
Ovaries
Female gonads, produce eggs and estrogen/progesterone, stimulated by GnRh->FSH/LH
Ovulation
Mature follicle bursts to release ovum/oocyte in response to LH surge
Placenta
Vascular organ, forms during pregnancy to supply food/oxygen to fetus, remove waste, implanted in uterus
Pregnancy
Time from implantation of fertilized egg to birth, Zygote fertilized, develops into blastocyst and implants into endometrial wall, placenta develops (produces pregnancy horomones: hCG-human chorionic gonadotropin, detected by pregnancy tests, hPL-human placental lactogen, breast development, metabolic effects, Estrogen/progesterone help maintain pregnancy/normal development
Progesterone
Sex hormone released by ovary/follicles, stimulates endometrial lining growth, produced by corpus luteum to grow lining/support pregnancy, inhibits FSH/LH during luteal phase
Prolactin
Gonadotropin secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates growth of mammary glands/lactation
proliferative phase
growth of endometrium in preparation of pregnancy, occurs in week (ish) prior to ovulation
Puberty
Maturation of sex organs, increased hormone levels (GnRH, LH/FSH), start of gamete production (oogenesis/ spermatogenesis), Females: menses, pubic hair, breasts, Males: pubic hair, beard, deep voice
sex chromosomes
X or Y chromosome (XX-female, XY-male)
sexual dimorphism
males and females are physically distinct
Spermatogenesis
Starts with spermatogonium, mitosis (2 identical daughter cells), 2 meiosis cycles produce 4 spermatid. Moves to lumen of tubule, grows flagella=sperm. One spermatocyte=4 sperm
SRY gene (protein)
Sex determining region of Y chromosome, directs development as male (medulla of bipotential gonad to develop into testis), produces testis developing factor (TDF) protein, absence leads to female development
TDF protein
Produces by SRY gene, promotes medulla of bipotential gonad to develop into testis
Testes
Area of sperm production and testosterone production, located in scrotum, location of seminiferous tubules (area of sperm development
uterine cycle
refers to events in the endometrial lining of uterus, 3 phases: (1) Menses: occurs if not pregnant, bleeding as endometrium is shed, actual days of menstruation, shedding of endometrium, aka menarche(2) Proliferative phase: endometrium grows, preparation for pregnancy, occurs in week (ish) prior to ovulation, spike in LH/estrogen/ inhibin/FSH at end (right before secretory phase, drop in basal body temp(3) Secretory phase: secretions promote implantation, high levels of progesterone, inhibin and estrogen, increase in basal body temperature
Zygote
Egg fertilized by sperm, turns into blastocyst and implants in uterine wall
The student should be able to describe the unique aspects of human reproduction
a.Sexually dimorphic: males/females physically distinct (physiologically or behaviorally? Sex hormones not fully understood b.Mate for pleasure AND procreation, not just to further the species c.Not driven by cyclical hormonal fluctuations
The student should be able to distinguish between the terms sex and gender
a.Sex=biological/ physiological aspects; male, female b.Gender= socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, attributes; masculine, feminine
The student should be able to identify the male and female gonads and gametes
a.Male: Testes produce sperm b.Female: ovaries produce eggs
The student should be able to discuss how the genetic sex of an individual depends upon the sex chromosomes
a.XX=Female b.XY=male
The student should be able to discuss the role of SRY gene in the determination of the biopotential gonad into a testis or ovary
a.Male: SRY gene produces Testes Determining Factor Gene (TDF) that cause medulla of bipotential gonad to become testes. b.Female: Lack of SRY gene causes cortex of bipotential to develop into ovarian tissue
The student should be able to describe and contrast gametogenesis in human males and human females
a.Spermatogenesis: Spermatogonium goes through mitosis to create 2 identical daughter cells (primary spermatocyte). These go through 2 meiosis divisions to produce secondary spermatocyte and finally 4 spermatids. These develop into sperm in seminiferous tubes. (1 spermatocyte=4 mature sperm) b.Oogenesis: Starts with primary oocyte (developed as embryo) and under goes meiotic division to produce a secondary oocyte (egg) and a polar body that then disintegrates. The egg is released from a mature follicle and either passes out of the body (menses) or is fertilized and becomes a zygote
The student should be able to describe sex differentiation in human embryonic biopotential tissues
a.Doesn’t occur until 6 weeks along (includes external and internal sex organs) b.Male: SRY protein is expressed (on Y sex gene) and produces TDF which makes the medulla of the bipotential tissues become testes. Mullerian duct degenerates due to antimullerian horomone, wolffian ducts become male organs (seminal vesicle, vas deferens epididymis). Dihydroxytestoterone (DHT) controls prostate development and external genetalia (testes drop into scrotum) c.Female: Lack of SRY gene causes cortex of bipotential to develop into ovarian tissue. Mullerian duct become female organs (fallopian tube, uterus, upper vagina), wolffian ducts degenerate
The student should be able to discuss how reproductive events are directed by signals from the brain
a.Males: CNS stimulated, GnRH produced by hypothalamus which stimulates release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary (short loop negative feedback here), FSH stimulates gonads for gamete production, LH stimulates endocrine cells to produce testosterone (long loop feedback, negative or positive, here to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary) b.Females: CNS stimulated, GnRH produced by hypothalamus which stimulates release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary (short loop negative feedback here), FSH stimulates gonads for gamete production, LH stimulates both gamete production and endocrine cells to produce estrogen/progesterone (long loop feedback, negative or positive, here to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary)
The student should be able to relate male reproductive anatomy to function
a.Testes outside of body to keep cooler to allow correct production of sperm b.Epididymis c.Vas deferens is the passage from epididymis to urethra
The student should be able to provide an overview of the hormonal control of spermatogenesis
GnRH is secreted by hypothalamus and stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. LH acts on the Leydig Cells to produce testosterone which produce a negative feedback look to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. It also acts on the sertoli cells to release inhibin and flows into the blood as plasma testosterone and into the body for secondary sex effects. FSH acts on the Sertoli cells to help produce sperm and produce androgen binding protein (ABP) to maintain higher levels of testosterone in seminiferous tubules. The cell products from this produce inhibin which has a negative feedback loop onto anterior pituitary (FSH)
The student should be able to describe male secondary sex characteristics
a.General body shape (including muscles) b.Body hair/beard c.Deep voice d.Male sexual behavior/libido
The student should be able to provide an overview of the hormonal control of female menstrual cycle (distinguish between the ovarian and uterine cycles).

Ovarian


•Follicular phase (early): GnRH stimulates FSH and LH. FSH acts on granulosa cells and increase estrogens (positive feedback to granulosa, negative feedback to FSH, LH and GnRH). LH acts on thecal cells to produce androgens which then act on granulosa cells. Low levels of inhibin, progesterone, estrogen, normal levels of FSH/LH. Primary follicle become theca •Follicular phase (late): GnRH stimulates FSH and LH. FSH acts on granulosa cells to produce inhibin (negative feedback on FSH), high estrogen (positive feedback on GnRH), and small progesterone (positive feedback on LH and GnRH). LH acts on thecal cells to produce androgens that then act on granulosa cells. Theca becomes antrum •Ovulation: Spike of FSH, LH, cause mature follicle to burst and release oocyte. Estrogen, inhibin also spike •Luteal (early): GnRH stimulates release of FSH, LH. Corpus luteum secretes high level of estrogen, progesterone, inhibin (negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary) •Luteal (late): GnRH tonic secretion stimulates FSH, LH. FSH stimulates new follicular development. Dying corpus luteum releases low levels of estrogen and progesterone.


Uterine: •Menses: Low estrogen, inhibin, progesterone, FSH, LH as endometrium is shed (early follicular phase) •Proliferative: Endometrium lining grow, occurs before ovulation with a spike in LH, FSH, Estrogen, inhibin, dip in basal body temperature •Secretory: Low FSH, LH due to higher leveler of inhibin. Progesterone is very high to stimulate growth of endometrial lining, estrogen also hgiher

The student should be able to describe female secondary sex characteristics
a.Body shape (hips widen) b.Pubic hair c.Breast development
The student should be able to list the four phases of the human sexual response
a.Excitement: erection of penis/clitoris and vaginal lubrication b.Plateau: intensification of excitement c.Orgasm/climax: series of muscular contractions, cardiorespiratory response, pleasure d.Resolution: return of physiological parameters to normal
The student should be able to describe the female athlete triad
a.Energy deficit/disordered eating→low energy can lead to menstrual disturbances b.Menstrual disturbances/Amenorrhea→low estrogen can lead to bone loss c.Bone Loss/osteoporosis
The student should be able to discuss the ways in which pregnancy can be prevented
a.Abstinence: none at all, only during fertile times b.Sterilization: tube ties, vasectomy c.Interventional methods/barrier methods: diaphragm, sponge, condom d.Prevent implant: IUD e.Hormones: the pill, injections, nuvaring
The student should be able to provide an overview of the sexually transmitted disease epidemic
a.1.4 million cases of chlamydia, increase of 2.8% b.350k cases of gonorrhea, 5.1% increase c.20k cases of primary/secondary syphilis, 15.1% increase d.458 cases congenital syphilis, 27.5% increase e.12% pop can’t name any STD’s, 17% believe all are curable, 56% don’t know STD’s increase HIV risk
The student should be able to describe the events of pregnancy and birth
a.Pregnancy: implantation of zygote into endometrium lining. Placenta develops form outer part of embryo and releases hCG=human chorionic gonadotropin=detected by pregnancy tests. hPL=human placental lactogen=breast development, metabolic effects. Estrogen, progesterone help maintain pregnancy/normal development b.Birth: Labor, delivery of baby, placental release/expulsion
The student should be able to an overview of puberty
a.Maturation of reproductive organs, increased hormone levels, onset of gamete production b.Secondary sex characteristics appear c.Hormone changes: increase in GnRH, LH/FSH, leptin?
The student should be familiar with the concepts menopause and andropause
a.Menopause: ovaries stop responding LH/FSH, low levels of estrogen/progesterone, egg production stops. Lead to hot flashes, increased osteoporosis risk b.Andropause: only affects 50% of men, lower levels of testosterone, remain reproductive active