Reproduction

Front 1

these cells have 2 copies of each chromosome

Back 1

diploid

Front 2

these cells have 1 copy of each chromosome

Back 2

haploid

Front 3

how many stages does the cell cycle contain?

Back 3

5

Front 4

what are the G1, S, and G2 phases called collectively?

Back 4

interphase

Front 5

in this phase the DNA is uncoiled in the form of chromatin

Back 5

interphase

Front 6

in this stage of the cell cycle cells create organelles for energy and protein production while also increasing their size

Back 6

G1 or presynthetic gap

Front 7

when DNA is checked for quality before the cell can move into the synthesis stage

Back 7

restriction point

Front 8

in this stage of the cell cycle DNA is replicated

Back 8

synthesis

Front 9

after the synthesis stage the strands of DNA, called chromatids are held together here

Back 9

centromere

Front 10

in this stage of the cell cycle there is further cell growth and replication of organelles in preparation for mitosis

Back 10

G2 or postsynthetic gap

Front 11

What 2 things occur in the M stage of the cell cycle?

Back 11

mitosis and cytokinesis

Front 12

in this stage of the cell cycle the cell performs its function without any preparation for division

Back 12

G0

Front 13

what protein plays a major role in the 2 checkpoints of the cell cycle?

Back 13

p53

Front 14

what 2 things rise and fall during the cell cycle

Back 14

cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases

Front 15

cyclins bind to CDKs, phosphorylating and activating what for the next stage of the cell cycle?

Back 15

transcription factors

Front 16

this occurs when the cell cycle becomes deranged allowing damaged cells to undergo mitosis without regard to quantity or quality of the new cells produced

Back 16

cancer

Front 17

when cancer cells produce factors that allow them to escape their site and invade elsewhere

Back 17

metastasis

Front 18

mitosis only occurs in these cells

Back 18

somatic

Front 19

what does mitosis produce?

Back 19

2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

Front 20

what are the 4 phases of mitosis?

Back 20

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 21

in this phase of mitosis, the chromosomes condense, centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell, and the spindle apparatus begins to form

Back 21

prophase

Front 22

the kinetochore of each chromosome is contacted by what?

Back 22

spindle giber

Front 23

in this phase of mitosis chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate

Back 23

metaphase

Front 24

in this phase of mitosis sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles

Back 24

anaphase

Front 25

in this phase of mitosis the nuclear membrane reforms, spindle apparatus disappears, and cytosol and organelles are split between the two daughter cells through cytokinesis

Back 25

telophase

Front 26

this occurs in gametocytes

Back 26

meiosis

Front 27

what does meiosis produce?

Back 27

up to 4 nonidentical haploid sex cells

Front 28

How many rounds of replication does meiosis have? How many rounds of division?

Back 28

1,2

Front 29

what are the names of the 2 divisions that occur in meiosis?

Back 29

reductional and equational

Front 30

in this phase of meiosis homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated from each other

Back 30

meiosis I

Front 31

chromosomes that are given the same number but are of opposite parental origin

Back 31

homologues

Front 32

what are the stages of meiosis I?

Back 32

Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I

Front 33

in this stage of meiosis the same events occur as in prophase of mitosis except that homologues come together and intertwine in a process called synapsis

Back 33

prophase I

Front 34

when homologues come together and intertwine

Back 34

synapsis

Front 35

the four chromatids in prophase I are referred to as this

Back 35

tetrad

Front 36

this exchanges genetic material from one chromatid with material from a chromatid in the homologous chromosome

Back 36

crossing over

Front 37

what law does crossing over account for?

Back 37

Mendel's second law of independent assortment

Front 38

in this phase of meiosis homologous chromosomes line up on opposite sides of the metaphase plate

Back 38

metaphase I

Front 39

in this phase of meiosis homologous chromosomes are segregates to opposite poles of the cell

Back 39

anaphase I

Front 40

what stage of meiosis accounts for Menel's first law of segregation?

Back 40

anaphase I

Front 41

in this phase of meiosis the chromosomes may or may not fully condense and the may enter intekinesis after cytokinesis

Back 41

telophase I

Front 42

in this phase of meiosis sister chromatids are separated from each other in a process that is functionally identical to mitosis

Back 42

meiosis II

Front 43

copies of the same DNA held together at the centromere

Back 43

sister chromatids

Front 44

biological sex is determined by what pair of chromosomes in humans

Back 44

23rd pair

Front 45

XX is what gender?

Back 45

female

Front 46

XY is what gender?

Back 46

male

Front 47

this chromosome carries a sizeable amount of genetic information

Back 47

X

Front 48

males are ______________ with respect to the unpaired genes on the X chromosome

Back 48

hemizygous

Front 49

women with only one copy of the effected allele for a sex linked disorder are considered what?

Back 49

carriers

Front 50

this chromosomes carries little genetic information

Back 50

Y

Front 51

what gene does the Y chromosome carry?

Back 51

sex determine region Y

Front 52

this gene causes the gonads to differentiate into testes

Back 52

SRY gene

Front 53

this reproductive system contains both internal and external structures

Back 53

males reproductive system

Front 54

where does sperm develop in the testes

Back 54

seminiferous tubules

Front 55

what type of cells nourish sperm?

Back 55

Sertoli cells

Front 56

these cells secrete testosterone and other androgens

Back 56

interstitial cells of Leydig

Front 57

where are the testes located?

Back 57

scrotum

Front 58

this hangs outside of the male's abdominal body cavity and has a temperature 2-4 degrees lower than the rest of the body

Back 58

scrotum

Front 59

once sperm are formed they gain motility here and are also stored here until ejaculation

Back 59

epididymis

Front 60

during ejaculation what 4 places does sperm travel, in order?

Back 60

vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis

Front 61

these contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce alkaline fluid

Back 61

seminal vesicles

Front 62

this gland also produces alkaline fluid in males

Back 62

prostate gland

Front 63

these glands produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal

Back 63

bulbourethral glands

Front 64

what is semen composed of?

Back 64

sperm and seminal fluids

Front 65

in spermatogenesis what are produced from a spermatogonium?

Back 65

4 haploid sperm

Front 66

in males after the S stage what are the germ cells called?

Back 66

primary spermatocytes

Front 67

in males after meiosis I what are the germ cells called?

Back 67

secondary spermatocytes

Front 68

in males after meiosis II what are the germ cells called?

Back 68

spermatids

Front 69

in males after maturation what are the germ cells called?

Back 69

spermatozoa

Front 70

what 3 things do sperm contain?

Back 70

head, midpiece and flagella

Front 71

this part of the sperm contains the genetic material and is covered in acrosome

Back 71

head

Front 72

a modified Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that help the sperm fuse to and penetrate the ovum

Back 72

acrosomes

Front 73

this part of the sperm generates ATP from fructose and contains many mitochondria

Back 73

midpiece

Front 74

this part of the sperm promotes motility

Back 74

flagellum

Front 75

this reproductive system only contains internal structures

Back 75

female reproductive system

Front 76

where are the ova or eggs produced in the ovaries?

Back 76

follicles

Front 77

once a month an egg is ovulated into the _______________ ____________ and is drawn into the ___________________ _________________ or ____________________________.

Back 77

peritoneal sac, fallopian tube, oviduct

Front 78

what are the fallopian tubes connected to?

Back 78

uterus

Front 79

lower end of the uterus that marks the transition between the vagina and the uterus

Back 79

cervix

Front 80

this lies below the cervix and is the site where sperm are deposited during intercourse; also what birth occurs through

Back 80

vaginal canal

Front 81

what is the external female anatomy known as?

Back 81

vulva

Front 82

what is formed from an oogonium in oogenesis?

Back 82

1 haploid ovum and a number of polar bodies

Front 83

at birth all oogenia have already undergone replication and are considered what?

Back 83

primary oocytes

Front 84

during what phase are primary oocytes arrested?

Back 84

prophase I

Front 85

the ovulated egg each month is called what?

Back 85

secondary oocyte

Front 86

when is the secondary oocyte arrested?

Back 86

metaphase II

Front 87

is cytokinesis even or uneven in oogenesis?

Back 87

uneven

Front 88

the cell in oogenesis receiving very little cytoplasm and organelles

Back 88

polar body

Front 89

if any oocyte is fertilized what will it complete to become a true ovum?

Back 89

meiosis II

Front 90

an acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain the compounds necessary for sperm binds

Back 90

zona pellucida

Front 91

a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation

Back 91

conrona radiata

Front 92

what 2 things surround the oocyte

Back 92

zona pellucida and corona radiata

Front 93

gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus causes the release of what 2 hormones?

Back 93

follicle stimulating and lutenizing

Front 94

what hormone from the hypothalamus causes the release of follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing horomone?

Back 94

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Front 95

in males this hormone stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis

Back 95

follicle stimulating hormone

Front 96

in males this hormone causes the interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Back 96

lutenizing hormone

Front 97

this is responsible for the maintenance and development of the male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics

Back 97

testosterone

Front 98

facial and axillary hair, deepening of the voice, and changes in growth patterns are all considered this

Back 98

secondary sex characteristics in men

Front 99

in females this hormone stimulates the development of ovarian follicles

Back 99

follicle stimulating hormone

Front 100

in females this hormone causes ovulation

Back 100

lutenizing hormone

Front 101

FSH and LH both stimulate the production of what in females?

Back 101

estrogen and progesterone

Front 102

a periodic growth and shedding of the endometrial lining

Back 102

menstrual cycle

Front 103

in this phase of the menstrual cycle GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion which promotes follicle development and estrogen is released

Back 103

follicular phase

Front 104

this stimulates the vascularization and glandularization of the decidua

Back 104

estrogen

Front 105

this is stimulated by a sudden surge in LH

Back 105

ovulation

Front 106

the release of the mature ovum from the ovarian follicle

Back 106

ovulation

Front 107

in this phase of the menstrual cycle LH promotes the reptured follicle to become the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone that maintains the uterine lining

Back 107

luteal phase

Front 108

high estrogen and progesterone levels cause what type of feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH

Back 108

negative

Front 109

this occurs if there is no fertilization

Back 109

menstruation

Front 110

what is sloughed off in menstruation

Back 110

endometrial lining

Front 111

if fertilization does occur what does the blastula produce?

Back 111

hCG

Front 112

this occurs when the ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone usually between the ages of 45 and 55

Back 112

menopause

Front 113

when menstruation stops FSH and LH levels do what?

Back 113

rise