Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Type A spermatagonia |
True stem cell Differentiate into Type B or other Type A |
|
|
Type B spermatagonia become |
Primary spermatocytes (2n) Can enter meiotic cycle Produces interconnected cell clones |
|
|
What stage do spermatocytes enter in cytoplasm of Sertoli cell? |
Prophase I |
|
|
Acrosome |
In sperm, formed from Golgi apparatus Head of sperm, contains granules filled with digestive enzyme At junction of acrosome and nucleus, nuclear membrane loses its pores |
|
|
Midpiece |
Contains mitochondria spiraling around flagellum in sperm |
|
|
FSH or LH is more variable? |
LH--FSH is covered in carbohydrates so cleared more slowly |
|
|
What does LH do in male? |
LH stimulates steroid production in Leydig cells by inducing conversion of cholesterol to testosterone |
|
|
What does FSH do in males? |
Activates receptors on Sertoli cells and spermatagonia within testes Also stimulates seminiferous tubule growth during development In adults, quantitatively stimulates sperm production by increased ABP production, enhanced receptor response to LH and inducing growth factor production in testes |
|
|
Prolactin in males? |
Sustains norma/high intratesticular testosterone levels |
|
|
Aspermia vs azoospermia |
Aspermia--no ejaculate at climax Azoospermia--ejaculate contains no sperm |
|
|
Neural control of ejaculation |
Sympathetic control - emission Expulsion - somatic from perineal branch of pudendal nerve, and parasympathetic nerve-mediated intermittent relaxation of external urethral sphincter |
|
|
AZF |
Azoospermia factor Required part of Y chromosome for spermatogenesis |
|
|
Outer cortex of ovary |
Contains follicles, corpora lutea and interstitial cells |
|
|
Central medulla of ovary |
Contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatics |
|
|
Histology of primordial follicle |
Oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened folicular cells (become granulosa cells) |
|
|
Histology of primary follicle |
Oocyte surrounded by one layor of cuboidal granulosa cells enclosed in basement membrane |
|
|
Secondary follicle histology |
Oocyte surrounded by multiple layers of granulosa cells |
|
|
Zona pellucida |
Small clear zone that surrounds oocyte in secondary follicle |
|
|
Where are theca interna cells in secondary follicle? |
Outside granulosa cell basement membrane |
|
|
Antrum |
Secondary follicles have small fluid filled space inside follicle (crescent shaped) |
|
|
Cumulus oophorus |
Thick region (hill, coming through antrum crescent) of granulosa cells in which a Graafian follicle sits |
|
|
Two zones of endometrium |
Functional and basal zones |
|
|
Reason for switch to positive estrogen feedback near ovulation? |
Increased responsiveness of pituitary cells to GnRH |
|
|
When is first meiotic divison completed in female? |
After LH surge |
|
|
What does hCG stimulate in corpus luteum? |
LH agonist Corpus luteum depends on LH in order not to degrade (granulosa layer) |
|
|
Synthesis of steroids in ovaries? |
Theca interna and interstitial cells express enzymes that turn cholesterol into testosterone and androstenedione Granulosa cells express aromatase to turn androgens into estradiol and estrone LH stimulates conversion of androgens! (not all the way to estrogen) FSH stimulates granulosa cells to produce aromatase |
|
|
Serum changes in hormones during menopause |
Increased FSH (less granulosa cells expressing inhibins (fewer follicles or reduced follicular functional capability) |
|
|
Bromcriptine |
Dopamine agoniost for prolactinoma |
|
|
Rotterdam criteria for PCOS |
2 out of 3 of: Irregular cycles (less than 8 a year) Evidence of hyperandrogenism Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound |
|
|
Pathophysiology of PCOS |
Decreased granulosa cell aromatase expression Increased LH/FSH (low estrogen output puts positive feedback on LH secretion and negative on FSH) LH stimulates more production of androgens in thecal cells, which in turn inhibits aromatase Can lead to endometrial cancer (no progesterone induced sloughing) |
|
|
Best test for PCOS |
Free testosterone |
|
|
Classic adrenal hyperplasia |
Deficiency of CYP21 gene that encodes a cytochrome enzyme involved in steroid synthesis Salt wasting, virilizatoin of external genitalia of female infants If later onsent, nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia |
|
|
Treatment of PCOS |
Estrogen/Progestin birth control Estrogen increases SHBG which reduces levels of active testosterone |
|
|
Mechanism for stress-related GnRH reduction |
Neuropeptide Y secretion, leptin, cortisol, dopamine and endorphin |
|
|
What cells make up placenta? |
Trophectoderm |
|
|
What layer does embryo come from? |
Epiblast |
|
|
Three extra-embryonic membranes |
Chorion (extraembryonic mesoderm) Yolk sack (Home for primordia germ cels) from parietal endoderm plus mesoderm Amniotic sac from amnioblasts and mesoderm. Source of early embryonic fluid |
|
|
When does imprinting occur? |
Primordial germ cells, right about when meiosis I occurs |
|
|
Steps in fertilization |
Sperm traverses cumulus region with digestive enzymes Intact sperm bind to ZP3 on zona pellucidum Acrosome reaction: releases enzymes Hydrolyzes zona pellucidum, sperm enters into zona Cortical reaction induced: oocyte releases granules which prevent polyspermy |
|
|
What is HSG for? |
Check for tubal occlusions in infertile women |
|
|
Derivatives of first pharyngeal arch |
M Mandible and Maxillary division of Trigeminal nerve (V) Muscles of mastication Mandible Maxillary artery |
|
|
Derivatives of second pharyngeal arch |
Seventh nerve (facial) Stapes, styohyoid, styloid liagement Muscles of fascial expression, stapedius Upper hyoid bone |
|
|
Derivatives of third pharyngeal arch |
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX Stylopharyngeus Greater horn and lower portion of body of hyoid bone |
|
|
Derivatives of pharyngeal arch 4-6 |
X (vagus) Superior and recurrent laryngeal branches Cricothyoird, levator palatine muscle Laryngeal cartilages |
|
|
First pharyngeal pouch |
External auditory meatus Tympanic ear cavity Eardrum |
|
|
Second pharyngeal pouch |
Palatine tonsil Tonsillar fossa |
|
|
Third pharyngeal pouch |
Inferior parathyroid gland Thymus |
|
|
Fourth pharyngeal pouch |
Superior parathyroid gland |
|
|
Fifth pharyngeal pouch |
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland |
|
|
First pharyngeal cleft |
External auditory meatus |
|
|
Stomodeum |
What buccopharyngeal membrane turns into (open connection between embryo and gut) |
|
|
What cell type make up pharyngeal arches? |
Head mesoderm Neural crest cells |
|
|
Neural crest in pharyngeal arches become |
Nerves, glands and bones |
|
|
GDNF |
Secreted by mesonephric mesenchyme which is involved in renal development |
|
|
EYA1/WT1 |
Formed in early MM involved in mesonephric signaling |
|
|
GDNF |
Major signal for UB to grow out from mesonephric duct Abnormal can result in multiple ureters, or extra kidneys |
|
|
BMP4 |
Inhibits UB growth, adjacent to UB, but suppressed by Gremlin which insures that GDNF can work on UB and stimulate appropriate growth |
|
|
What determines nature/number of nephrons? |
UB branching |
|
|
Primary signal for nephron induction |
Wnt9b Stimulates MM cells to condense around UB and turn into nephron, then MM turn into epithelial cells with basal lamina |
|
|
What contributes to amniotic fluid? |
Fetal urine |
|
|
Difference btween upper vagina and lower vagina in origin? |
Upper: Mullerian ducts Lower: urogenital sinus |
|
|
Does descent of gonads intiially depend on hormones? |
No |
|
|
Labial scrotal swellings become |
Labia majora Scrotum |
|
|
Labial folds become |
Ventral penis around urethra Labia minora |
