Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the role of reproduction in nature? |
to propagate a species |
|
|
what is the role of reproduction in agriculture? |
- to get a product that is efficiency of reproduction - maximizing fertility this is because efficient reproduction leads to increase profits |
|
|
Puberty Age: Cattle |
8-14 months |
|
|
Puberty Age: Goats |
4-8 months |
|
|
Puberty Age: Horses |
10-12 months |
|
|
Puberty Age: Poultry |
4-6 weeks |
|
|
Puberty Age: Sheep |
4-8 months |
|
|
Puberty Age: Swine |
5-7 months |
|
|
Puberty Age: Dogs |
5-24 months |
|
|
Puberty Age: Cats |
4-18 months |
|
|
Estrous Cycle: Cattle |
21 days |
|
|
Estrous Cycle: Goats |
21 days |
|
|
Estrous Cycle: Horses |
21-23 days |
|
|
Estrous Cycle: Poultry |
daily |
|
|
Estrous Cycle: Sheep |
16-17 days |
|
|
Estrous Cycle: Swine |
21 days |
|
|
Gestation Period: Cattle |
285 days 9.5 months |
|
|
Gestation Period: Goats |
150 days |
|
|
Gestation Period: Horses |
11 months |
|
|
Gestation Period: Sheep |
147 days |
|
|
Gestation Period: Swine |
114 days |
|
|
Gestation Period: Dogs |
52 days |
|
|
Gestation Period: Cats |
60 days |
|
|
Definition of Puberty |
the transitional state through which animals progress from an immature reproductive and hormonal state to a mature state
also secondary sex characteristics develop |
|
|
When does puberty end? |
When sperm cells are produced or ovulation begins |
|
|
What factors influence puberty? |
1. age 2. nutrition 3. weight 4. season of the year 5. health |
|
|
Gonads |
female: ovary/ovaries male: testes/testicles |
|
|
Main Functions of Gonads |
1. Steroidgenesis - production of sex steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) 2. Gametogenesis - production of the gametes (spermatozoa and oocytes [sperm and eggs]) |
|
|
What is the Male's role in reproduction? |
1. to produce ample quantities of semen, which is a continual process after puberty
2. Seek out the females (they must have libido) 3. Mount and Mate/Service |
|
|
Semen |
sperm cells mixed with seminal fluid |
|
|
Purpose of Seminal Fluids |
to carry the sperm to the egg |
|
|
What species have the largest testicles for their body weight? |
Rams (sheep) |
|
|
Libido |
the desire to mount and mate |
|
|
Function of the Testicles |
- produce spermatozoa - produce testosterone |
|
|
Where is testosterone produced? |
In the testes, specifically in the leydig cells testosterone is necessary for the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Where is spermatozoa produced? |
In the testes, specifically in the seminiferous tubules which is where meiosis of spermatogenic cells turns them into sperm |
|
|
Scrotum |
the sac that contains the testicles it provides temperature regulation for spermatogenesis which can only occur 4-6 degrees celsius |
|
|
Epididymus |
the very tip of the testicles that serves for storage, transport, and concentration of sperm cells |
|
|
What are some male accessory sex glands? |
1. Ampulla 2. Seminal Vesicles 3. prostate 4. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's Glands) These provide nutrients and buffers that nourish and protect the spermatozoa |
|
|
Vas Deferens |
The reproductive duct from the testes and epididymis to the pelvic urethra |
|
|
Penis |
- functions for copulation - two types - major structures: sigmoid flexure, Corpora Cavernosa, and os penis, glans penis |
|
|
What are the two types of penises? |
1. Fibroelastic: doesn't get much larger during erection but does get more rigid, stored in folds/curves in the body (bulls, rams, boars) 2. Vascular: increases in size and length as well as rigidity (horses) |
|
|
Sigmoid Flexure |
S-shaped retractor muscle that controls the extension and retraction of the penis |
|
|
Corpora Cavernosa |
engorges with blood to cause the erection, is primary for horses and of lesser importance for animals with Fibroelastic Penis |
|
|
Os Penis |
the small bone that assists with erection that is found in dogs, cats, and primates |
|
|
Glans Penis |
the tip of the penis that is differently adapted and shaped for different species |
|
|
The role of the Female in Reproduction |
1. develop and release eggs 2. permit mating (estrus/standing heat) 3. Conception 4. Develop the embryo 5. Nourish the fetus 6. Parturition 7. Lactation 8. Re-breeding |
|
|
Ovulation Fossa |
the only spot on a mare's ovary that is able to ovulate - it is where the germinal epithelial tissues is, which for other species is over the entire ovary |
|
|
Ovaries |
produce ova in follicles produce estrogen and progsterone (steroid hormones) |
|
|
Where is the site of fertilization? |
the oviducts |
|
|
Uterus |
the site of embryo implantation and nutrient exchange in livestock there is no passive transfer of blood between dam and fetus so they are not born with the mother's immunity |
|
|
Cervix |
- facilitates sperm transport - serves as a sperm reservoir - barrier to uterus during pregnancy |
|
|
Vagina |
the copulation organ and the birth canal for parturition |
|
|
What changes occur to cervix during pregnancy? |
the secretions become thicker and more and acts as a plug between cervix and uterus, also it will tighten |
|
|
Follicle |
the structure on the ovary that contains the egg and secretes estrogen |
|
|
Estrous cycle |
the period extending from ovulation to ovulation estrus to estrus |
|
|
Estrus |
standing heat = standing to be mounted (accepting a male) period of time a female is receptive to a male and mating occurs |
|
|
Corpus Luteum |
CL the structure that forms after a follicle lyses (releases egg) secretes progesterone proves as evidence of ovulation |
|
|
GnRH |
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone secreted from the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of FSH and LH |
|
|
Corpus Hemorragicum |
a blood filled structure that remains after the follicles burst and when the cells change to luteum cells |
|
|
FSH |
follicle stimulating hormone (protein hormone) - from the pituitary gland - stimulates follicular growth |
|
|
LH |
Luteinizing Hormone (protein hormone) - from the pituitary gland - causes ovulation - important for the development of a functional CL |
|
|
Estrogen |
- steroid hormone - produced in the ovarian follicles - promotes growth and development of uterus, responsible for estrous behavior, and triggers LH release |
|
|
Progesterone |
- steroid hormone - produced in the corpus luteum - acts as negative feedback on GnRH (keeps the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH = quiesces the hypothalamus) - maintains pregnancy - blocks follicular development and the onset of estrus |
|
|
Prostaglandid |
- produced when the uterus is not pregnant - causes the CL to regress - when the CL regresses progesterone decreases and removed the hypothalamus block leading to: GrnH --> FSH --> Estrogen --> LH --> Ovulation |
|
|
Inhibin |
acts as negative feedback to regulate FSH in females and males |
|
|
Stages of the Estrous Cycle |
1. Proestrus 2. Estrus 3. Metestrus 4. Diestrus |
|
|
Stages of the Estrous Cycle: Proestrus |
- CL regression - rapid follicular growth - increase in estrogen |
|
|
Stages of the Estrous Cycle: Estrus |
- female is sexually receptive - ovulation occurs - estrogen high |
|
|
Stages of the Estrous Cycle: Metestrus |
- cessation of estrus - CL formation - ovulation in the cow |
|
|
Stages of the Estrous Cycle: Diestrus |
- functional CL period - progesterone increases - some follicular growth |
|
|
Stages of the Estrous Cycle: Anestrus |
Period when not having estrous cycle: could be for following reasons: - gestational - postpartum - lactational - seasonal - nutritional |
|
|
Estrous Cycle Summary |
1. FHS stimulates the development of a follicle 2. Follicle Produces estrogen which acts as a feedback on pituitary 3. LH is released which causes ovulation 4. Development of CL which produced progesterone (maintains pregnancy) 5. CL Regression - prostoglandin 6. Released from uterus |
|
|
what is short cycling |
giving a shot of PGF2a to cause heat early - can do this after day 5 of a mature CL |
|
|
Follicular Cyst |
cells that keep growing in the follicle and doesn't rupture so estrogen is constantly produced and animal is in constant heat |
|
|
Symptoms of Follicular Cyst |
- nymphomania = always in heat - short cycles |
|
|
How do you fix a Follicular Cyst |
give a shot of GnRH which causes in increase in levels of LH which causes ovulation of the cystic follicle |
|
|
Luteal Cyst |
a failure of the CL to regress |
|
|
How do you fix a Luteal Cyst |
supplement PGF2a which causes the CL to lyse and regresses the CL |
|
|
What are the various ovarian structures during estrous? |
1. Ovulating Follicle 2. Developing CL 3. Maintained CL 4. Regressing CL |
|
|
Where do eggs and sperm originate? |
From the primordial germ cells - they migrate to the embryonic gonads, and once they are in the gonads they are called gonocytes |
|
|
What do gonocytes develop into |
oogonia (eggs) or spermatozoa (sperm) |
|
|
Bull Semen Characteristics |
1. 6 ml 2. 100-500 inseminations per ejaculate 3. 1.4 billion sperm per ml |
|
|
Ram Semen Characteristics |
1. 1-2 ml 2. 30-100 inseminations per ejaculate 3. 2-3 billion sperm per ml |
|
|
Boar Semen Characteristics |
1. 175 ml 2. 10-20 inseminations per ejaculate 3. 0.25 billion sperm per ml |
|
|
Stallion Semen Characteristics |
1. 80 ml 2. 5-15 inseminations per ejaculate 3. 0.225 billion sperm per ml |
|
|
Rooster Semen Characteristics |
1. 0.30 ml 2. 5 billion sperm per ml |
|
|
Tom Semen Characteristics |
1. 1.5 ml
2. 15 billion sperm per ejaculate |
|
|
Dog semen characteristics |
1. 10 ml 2. 3 billion sperm per ml |
|
|
Parts of Sperm |
1. Head (acrosome and nucleus) 2. Midpiece (centrioles and mitichondria) 3. Tail (flagellum and tail sheeth) |
|
|
What is the most fertile day for horses? |
June 1st - it is the longest day and because they are seasonal long day breeders it maximizes fertility |
|
|
Jockey Club |
the thoroughbred horse registry thoroughbreds must be naturally conceived, no AI allowed |
|
|
Oogenesis |
mitosis occurs before birth meiosis occurs after birth |
|
|
tease |
to bring a mare into the presence of a stallion |
|
|
flehman response |
when a stallion lifts his lip in response to the pheromones in the urine of a mare in heat |
|
|
Types of breeders |
1. Polyestrous animals 2. Monestrous animals 3. Induced ovulators 4. seasonal Polyestrous animals |
|
|
Polyestrous animals |
multiple estrous cycles eg: pic, human, catte |
|
|
Monestrous Breeders |
once cycle a year eg. dog, wolf, fox, bear |
|
|
Induced ovulators |
copulation induces ovulation - cats, ferrets, rabbits, camels, alpacas |
|
|
Seasonal Polyestrous animals |
have the ability to translate sunlight pattern into a hormone pattern reflecting the amount of light in a day controlled by the pineal gland that released melatonin which is the hormone that allows them to synchronize with the day light Short Day Breeders: sheep and goats (melatonin increases cyclicity) Long Day Breeders: horses (melatonin decreases cyclicity) |
|
|
Mating Systems |
1. Pasture mating 2. Pen Mating 3. Hand Mating 4. Artificial Insemination |
|
|
Pasture Mating |
breeding season is determined by when you put the males with the females and ends when males are removed - extensive |
|
|
Pen Matinga |
used for swine take the females to the males pen and then take them away after mating it allows male to feel comfortable in space and not have to re-mark etc |
|
|
Hand Mating |
females are taken to the males (as in led to on a rope, etc) and allowed to breed |
|
|
Artificial Insemination |
the manager determines optimal time to breed intensive management labor indesnive |
|
|
Signs of Estrus |
- stands for pressure on rump (swine) - riding (cows riding each other) - standing to be mounted - TWU (tail, wink, urinate) - horses do this, the wink exposes the clitorus |
|
|
Estrus Detection |
- palpation - ultrasound - heat mount detectors - pedometers |
|
|
Estrus Synchronization |
getting all females to express estrus at the same time - do this through the administration of reproductive hormones 1. give PGFa2 which regressed the CL (removed progesterone) 2. take away the progesterone then give it to the animals at the same time, this induced follicle formation 3. Give GnRH which induces the follicle to turnover and ovulate (giving LH induces ovulation) do not do this during live cover = natural mating |
|
|
What is normal for Parturition |
normal process: 1. relaxation of cervix 2. offspring assume position of least resistance 3. uterine contractions 4. expels fetus 5. expels afterbirth |
|
|
What is normal position for fetus |
cows/ewes/mares: with the front legs first, head between legs, then everything else swine: can be in forwards or backwards because litter bearing Position, Presentation, Posture |
|
|
Signs that close to parturition |
1. utter prepares for lactation 2. relaxing of pelvic ligaments and vulva 3. getting up and down 4. seeking isolation 5. loss of cervical plug 6. breaking water |
|
|
What is the site of fertilization in all females |
ampullary isthmic junction in the ovoducts |
|
|
What are two products that are used to sychronize estrs |
cattle: CIDR swine: MATRIX |
|
|
For AI where is the semen deposited vs. natural mating |
Sow: cervix vs. cervix cow: where the cervix meets uterus - anterior face of cervix (AI) vs. formix of vagina (natural) |
|
|
why does the site of semen deposition change in AI vs. Natural mating |
because in AI the volume of semen is often less and so you want it to go closer to where ovulation will occur to maximize likelihood of conception |
