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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When is a bitch considered to have a delayed puberty? |
2 years |
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How can you demonstrate ovulation has occured in the last 60 days? |
measure serum progesterone concentrations >2.0 ng/mL |
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What maybe an underlying cause of delayed puberty? |
chromosomal abnormality or abnormal complement of sex chromosomes |
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An increased interestrus interval is also called |
prolonged anestrus |
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What brred of dog only cycles once per year? |
Basenji |
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What is the most common reason for prolonged anestrus |
failure to observe signs of estrus |
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What RX may contribute to prolonged anestrus? |
glucocortiboids anabolic steriods androgens progesterone |
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What disease can cause prolonged anestrus? |
hypothyroidism |
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MOA of how hypothyroidism causes prolonged anestrus |
unknown, but possibly due to something affecting thyrotropin-releasing hormone which also affects prolactin and thyroid function |
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How long after supplementing thyriod will bitches return to cycling |
6 months |
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____ hormone producing ovarian cysts have been noted to cause a prolonged interestrus intervals |
progesterone producing |
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How are progesterone producing ovarian cysts TX? |
SX |
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What is silent estrus |
Normal cyclical activity without obvious external signs of proestrus or estrus |
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What criteria must be used to induce estrus |
2.5 years old no underlying PE abnormalitiy |
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What RX can be used to induce estrus? |
prolactin inhibitors (cabergoline/bromocriptine) equine chroionic gonadotropin (eCG) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Estrongens |
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Why can you not induce estrus by shortening the luteal phase using prostaglandins? |
The luteal phase is followed by a prolonged period of anestrus |
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What RX is the best to to cause estrus induction |
administration of prolactin inhibitors - prolactin inhibitors |
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What is a split estrus? When is it most commonly seen? |
a short interval betwwen clinical signs of estrus most frequently seen at the pubertal estrus |
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What can be a cause of prolonged proestrus or estrus? What can be other effects? |
estrogen secreting follicular cyst bone marrow suppression - anemia/thrombocytopenia |
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Although ovarian neoplasms do not metastasize, why should care be taken during OHE? |
if reptures the growth can lead to seeding |
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How do you prevent recurrance of vaginal hyperplasia/vaginal prolapse? |
OHE |
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What is the most common reason for fialure of conception |
inappropriate timing of mating |
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What is a reliable and accurate method to determine the optimum time to mate? |
LH levels - but difficult in practice Progesterone - 4-6 dyas after >2.0 ng/dL
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List the infectious causes of pregancy loss (6) |
canine herpes virus brucella canis canine adenovirus canine parvovirus canine distemper virus Toxoplasma gondii
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During early pregnancy, this results in fetal death and mummification |
canine herpes |
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Abortion and infertility generally occur between the 45-55 day of pregnancy |
brucella canis |
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This can cause birth of dead or weak pups or those that die within a few days after parturition |
canine adenovirus |
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What diseases should be ruled out for vaginitis? |
UTI lymphoid follicle hyperplasia dermatolical leions |
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What age does juvenile vaginitis occur? |
pre-pubertal bitches |
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MC clinical sign of juvenile vaginitis? |
purulent vulvar dischage |
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TX for juvenile vaginitis and problems with TX? |
may respond to AB, but return when TX is discontinued |
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How can the condition (puppy vaginitis) naturally resolve |
after the first estuous cycle neutering should be delayed until first estus |
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What is a persistent hymen? |
occurs at the junction of the vagina and vestibule where the paramesonephric duct joins the urogenital sinus. |
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What are C/S of bithces with a persistent hymen? DX? |
breeding diffulties chronic vagnitis urinary incontience manual palpation
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What is an inverted vulva? |
prepubertal bitches vulva is inverted to the pont that it is hidden from view |
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What are possible complicates to an inverted vulva? |
vulvular discharge UTI let them have the first heat if alreaded OHed, then episioplasty |
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Wht is vaginal hperplasia aka vaginal prolapse |
under estrogen edematous ventral fold in the distal vaginal mucosa immedately cranial to the urethral opening =EDEMA |
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What will happen if a bitch has vgainal hyperplasia during subsequent estrus cycles? |
recur |
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If a bitch is bleeding after breeding, what should be expected? TX? |
vaginal tears AB |
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What is the behavior of vaginal and vulvar neoplasia |
80% benign |
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MC benign and malignat vaginal tumors |
leiomyoma leiomyosarcoma |
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Primary abnormalites of sperm are described as? Where do they occur? |
all head defects prximall coiled tails proximal hytoplasmic droplets
occurs in the testis during spermatogenesis
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Secondary sperm abnormalities include? Where do they occur? |
detached heads bent tails distal cytoplasmic droplets
occur during epididymal transport |
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What are infectious causes of orchitis and epididymus |
Brucella sp Escherichia coli mycoplasma
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Dogs with ideopathic oligospermia (low sperm count) can be treated with this medication |
gonadotrpin-releasing hormone +/- human chorionic gonadotropin |
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What other conditions are dogs with benign prostaticd hypertrophy predsiposed to? |
prostatic cysts infections prostatic infections |
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Pathogenesis of BPH? |
unknown Dihydrotesterone, testosterone, estradiol and some growth factors are involved in prostatic growth |
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CS of BPH: |
constipation drippin of sanguineous discharge from penis bloodly urine/semen difficulty urinating |
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DX of BPH |
symmetrically enlarged and firm no pain on rads postatomeglay suggeste >70% the difference between the sacral promonatory and the pubis |
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TX for BPH |
neuter finasteride - causes programmged cell death or apoptosis |
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This is common in sexually intact dogs and can be acute or chronic |
prostatitis |
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CS of acute prostatitis |
fever pain depression straining to urinate/deficate stiff legged gait hematuria edema of scrotum pollakiuria |
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TX of prostatitis |
SX: marsupialization penrose drain placement partial prostectomy MEDICAL TX: AB fenasteride TX (better response with AB and fenasteride) |
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At what age should the testes be descended by |
6 months |
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How is cryptorchidim inherited |
autosomal recessive and both males adn females carry it and pass it to offspring |
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Why would a crypt orchidism stil have animals with sexual desire and able to breed? |
it dosen't affect testosterone production |
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How can bilateral cryptorchidism be diagnosed hormonally? |
basteline testosterone <0.02 ng/Ml = no testicle testosterone 0.1-1.2 ng/mL = abdominally retained 1-5 ng/mL = two descended testicles |
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What testicular tumor is more evident in retained testicles/ |
Sertoli cell |
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What are the 3 most common testicular tumor types |
Sertoli cell seminomas interstitial cells |
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Why is castration the TX of choice for testicular tumors |
high incidence of bilateral neoplasia |
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This testicular tumor has a feminizing paraneoplastic syndrome caused by estrogen secretion and secondary estrogen induced pancytopenia |
sertoli cell tumors |
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What are clinical signs of paraneoplastic syndrome of sertoli cells? |
bilaterally symmetric alopecia of the trunk/flanks with hyperpigmentation dry easily epilated coat gynecomastia penduluous preputial sheath attaction of male dogs bone marrow hypoplasia with non-reg anemia |
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These are tumors of the spermatogenic cells |
seminomas |
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These testicular tumor are an incidental finding at necropsy |
interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors |
