Reproduction 07 - Female Reproductive System Ii (Histo)

Front 1

What are the 4 anatomical structures of the oviducts?

Back 1

1) Fimbriae
2) Infundibulum
3) Ampulla
4) Isthmus

Front 2

What are 4 features of mucosal epithelium in the oviducts?

Back 2

1) Ciliated epithelium that beat toward the uterus.
2) Non-ciliated epithelium contain "peg cells" that secrete ovum nutrients and sperm activators.
3) Simple columnar epithelium becomes shorter closer to the uterus.
4) Epithelial fold amounts reduce toward the uterus.

Front 3

What effect does estrogen have on the oviduct?

Back 3

Stimulates the growth of oviduct epithelium, while increasing the amount cilia.

Front 4

What are the 4 anatomical structures of the uterus?

Back 4

1) Fundus
2) Corpus/Body
3) Cervix
4) Uterine wall

Front 5

What are the 2 components of the cervix?

Back 5

1) Internal cervical os
2) External cervical os

Front 6

What are the 3 components of the uterine wall?

Back 6

1) Endometrium
2) Myometrium
3) Serosa/Adventita

Front 7

Describe the myometrium.

Back 7

Thickest layer of the uterine wall, which contains four layers of smooth muscle fiber.

Front 8

What happens to the myometrium during pregnancy?

Back 8

Incredible growth of the myometrium via hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and active synthesis of collagen.

Front 9

What happens to the myometrium after pregnancy?

Back 9

Destruction of smooth muscle cells, and shrinking of others. Collagen is degraded.

Front 10

What are the 2 functional layers of the endometrium? What arteries are associated with each?

Back 10

1) Functionalis - outer layer sloughed off during menstration. Spiral arteries sense the dropping estrogen levels and initiate the sloughing.
2) Basalis - Deeper layer maintained during menstruation, fed by straight arteries.

Front 11

What is the endocervix (internal os)?

Back 11

The region of the cervix closest to the body of the uterus.

Front 12

What is the ectocervix (external os)?

Back 12

The region of the cervix closest to the vagina.

Front 13

What does the transition in epithelium from the endocervix (internal os) to the ectocervix (external os) look like?

Back 13

Endocervix is simple columnar, while the ectocervix is stratified squamous.
ID this on the slide.

Front 14

What region of the cervix secretes mucous?

Back 14

Endocervix/internal os.

Front 15

Describe the 2 phases of secretion by cervical mucous glands.

Back 15

1) Ovulation - secretion is watery to allow ovum travel.
2) Pregnancy/Late luteal - secretion is viscous to prevent microorganisms and sperm from entering.

Front 16

What is a Nabothian cyst?

Back 16

Blockage of cervical glands by a cyst. No observable symptoms.

Front 17

What days of the cycle are the proliferative phase?

Back 17

5th-14th.

Front 18

What hormone is secreted during the proliferative phase? What are its effects?

Back 18

Estrogen.
Growth of the functionalis (outer) layer of the endometrium.

Front 19

Describe the tubular glands during the proliferative phase.

Back 19

Straight and narrow lumen.

Front 20

What day of the cycle does ovulation occur?

Back 20

14th.

Front 21

What days of the cycle does the secretory phase occur?

Back 21

15th-28th.

Front 22

What hormone acts on the uterus during the secretory phase?

Back 22

Progesterone.

Front 23

How does progesterone affect the uterus during the secretory phase?

Back 23

It relaxes the myometrium and induces the secretion of glycoproteins.

Front 24

Describe tubular glands during the secretory phase.

Back 24

Coiled with dilated lumens (presumably due to the glycoproteins).

Front 25

What is the state of the endometrium during the secretory phase?

Back 25

It is the thickest, about to slough off.

Front 26

What days of the cycle does the menstrual phase occur?

Back 26

1st-4th.

Front 27

Which hormone levels drop at the beginning of the menstrual phase? What is the result of this?

Back 27

LH, then Progesterone and estrogen levels drop because the corpus luteum degenerates.

Front 28

The drop of which hormone is responsible for the initiation of menstrual phase?

Back 28

LH will decrease, causing progesterone and estrogen to decrease also.

Front 29

What are the 2 major events during the menstrual phase?

Back 29

1) Corpus luteum degeneration
2) Death of the functionalis epithelium, which will slough off and leave the basalis.

Front 30

Prior to ovulation, what are the levels of estrogen?

Back 30

Begins low and rises steadily.

Front 31

Prior to ovulation, what is the effect of the rising estrogen levels?

Back 31

Positive feedback on the pituitary to release FSH and LH, as estrogen starts to increase.

Front 32

What are the hormone levels following ovulation?

Back 32

Estrogen and progesterone levels increase and will peak during the luteal phase.

Front 33

How will hormones be affected if no fertilization occurs, and what will be the result?

Back 33

The high level of estrogen (and progesterone) will result in negative feedback of GnRH, decreasing FSH/LH.
Corpus luteum will degenerate and form the corpus albicans.

Front 34

How will hormones be affected if fertilization does occur?

Back 34

hCG will be secreted (similar to LH) and will maintain progesterone levels which will sustain the corpus luteum for 6 months.

Front 35

What are the 3 fetal membranes of the placenta?

Back 35

1) Amnion
2) Yolk sac
3) Allantois

Front 36

What are the 2 layers of the placenta allowing communication between the mother and fetus? Which belongs to whom?

Back 36

1) Chorion (fetal)
2) Decidua (maternal)

Front 37

What are the 3 layers of the decidua?

Back 37

1) Decidua basalis (receive chorionic villi)
2) Decidua capsularis (covers the fetus)
3) Decidua parietalis (covers the outer uterine wall).

Front 38

From where does the decidua derive?

Back 38

Maternal endometrium.

Front 39

What type of blood does the umbilical artery carry?

Back 39

Deoxygenated.

Front 40

What is Wharton's jelly?

Back 40

A substance within the umbilical cord surrounding its vessels, which prevents knotting.

Front 41

What 5 vital components does the mother transfer to the fetus via the placenta?

Back 41

1) oxygen
2) nutrients
3) vitamins
4) steroid hormones
5) IgG

Front 42

What 3 waste products are removed from the fetus via the placenta?

Back 42

1) CO2
2) urea
3) bilirubin

Front 43

What 4 steroid hormones are produced in the syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta?

Back 43

1) hCG
2) estrogen
3) progesterone
4) hCS/placental lactogen

Front 44

What does placental lactogen do?

Back 44

Enters maternal circulation and inhibits insulin activity during pregnancy to increase glucose supply to the fetus during maternal malnutrition.

Front 45

What steroid hormone is produced by the decidua?

Back 45

Prolactin.

Front 46

What are the 3 layers of the vaginal wall?

Back 46

1) Mucosa
2) Muscular layer
3) Adventitia

Front 47

What type of epithelium is found in the vagina?

Back 47

Stratified squamous.

Front 48

How does estrogen affect the vagina?

Back 48

Increases growth and glycogen synthesis.

Front 49

Why does the vaginal lumen have low pH?

Back 49

Glycogen is converted to lactic acid by indigenous bacteria.

Front 50

Where are the mucous glands in the vaginal mucosa?

Back 50

There aren't any. This is how you can tell esophagus from vagina.

Front 51

What 2 types of cells exist in a vaginal/pap smear of a woman in her active reproductive years?

Back 51

1) Superficial cells - squamous epithelial cells with pyknotic nuclei.
2) Intermediate cells - squamous epithelial cells with active (dense, large) nuclei.

Front 52

What kinds of cells are found in a vaginal/pap smear of a woman that is outside her reproductive years?

Back 52

Parabasal cells - small, round cells with active (dense) nuclei.

Front 53

What are the 4 components of the duct system in the mammary gland?

Back 53

1) Lactiferous sinuses
2) Lactiferous ducts
3) Terminal interlobular ducts
4) Lobule

Front 54

What is the lactiferous sinus?

Back 54

A local dilation of the lactiferous duct, just before the duct system reaches the nipple.

Front 55

What is a lactiferous duct?

Back 55

The duct system in the mammary gland that carries milk to the nipple.

Front 56

What is an intralobular duct?

Back 56

The portion that fills the acinar cells with fluid.

Front 57

What is acini?

Back 57

The region where the secretion actually occurs.

Front 58

What hormone induces the growth of lactiferous ducts during puberty?

Back 58

Estrogen - develops secretory lobules and accumulates fat in the tissue.

Front 59

What are the 5 hormones that result in a synergistic growth of alveoli?

Back 59

1) Estrogen
2) Progesterone
3) Prolactin
4) Oxytocin
5) Placental lactogen

Front 60

How are inactive mammary glands different from active ones?

Back 60

There are no secretory acini, no secretory lobules, and lots of adipose in an inactive mammary gland.
*Be able to ID these on a slide.