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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5. stages of sexual response (male AND female)
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5. stages of sexual response (male AND female)
a. excitement b. plateau c. orgasmic d. resolution |
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3. environmental factors that could affect puberty
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a. nutrition
b. birth control in water supply c. day length – melatonin → decr FSH and LH d. stress- cortisol →↑ androgens and estsrogens e. climate and altitude f. inheritance |
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4. abnormal onset of puberty
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a. precocious puberty: before age 7 females, age 9 males
b. delayed puberty: not started by 15 females, 17 males |
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excitment stage female
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early, vaginal length increases in size (6 inches avg), uterine tenting, uterine fibrillation, vasocongestion, clitoris enlarges,
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uterine tenting
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occurs in excitement female
tipping of uterus |
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vasocongestion
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vasodilation in excitement stage for females
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plateau
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transition stage, longer in females
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orgasmic stage
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males: emission and ejaculation
females: uterine contraction, etc |
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resolution
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reset the system.
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excitement stage
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early onset, major physiological changes, 90 seconds in males
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purpose of uterine tenting
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maximize fluid in the system to optimize flow of sperm to uterus, uterine tubes and egg
take advantage of gravitational forces |
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plateau phase females
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contin of excitement phase
contin thinning of vaginal wall ANS response increases |
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orgasmic phase
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vaginal wall contractions (distal 1/3 of vagina)
0.8 s apart, uterine contraction (releases oxytocin- potential problem post partum), vaginal contraction intervals, multiple orgasmic patterns |
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whats a problem in orgasm post partum
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uterine contractions --> release oxytocin which post partum is already very high so can make orgasm very painful --> uterine cxn very severe
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naturopathic method for inducing labor/birth
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having sex b/c male seminal fluid has prostaglandins
can induce oxytocin / uterine contraction |
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male excitement phase
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flaccid --> erect 90-120 seconds
very rapid scrotum pulls up (cremaster pulls testes to body - protective) ANS responses quick erection enlargement of prostate and seminal vesicles, primarily due to vasocongestion |
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plateau phase male
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very quick
contin of excitement prostate, seminal vesicles MAX OUT in size and produce seminal fluid seminal fulild is produced during this transition to mix with sperm. its not a ready reservoir. point of imminency (during plateau)- unstoppable because of contraction/pulse of prostate gland and seminal vesicles, testis pull up, |
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point of imminency
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point of imminency (during plateau)- unstoppable because of contraction/pulse of prostate gland and seminal vesicles, testis pull up,
emission has occurred coitus interruptus needs to occur before emission at point of imminency in order to work as BC. |
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refractory period is seen in males or females?
what is it? |
in males
after orgasm, period to restart absolute relative (sometimes can restart) complete resetart 20 minutes |
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emission and ejaculation
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sacral lumbar spinal refelx.
paraplegic can reprodcue but no perception no limbic/frontal lobe involvement. ejac but no orgasm |
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male excitement phase
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flaccid --> erect 90-120 seconds
very rapid scrotum pulls up (cremaster pulls testes to body - protective) ANS responses quick erection enlargement of prostate and seminal vesicles, primarily due to vasocongestion |
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plateau phase male
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very quick
contin of excitement prostate, seminal vesicles MAX OUT in size and produce seminal fluid seminal fulild is produced during this transition to mix with sperm. its not a ready reservoir. point of imminency (during plateau)- unstoppable because of contraction/pulse of prostate gland and seminal vesicles, testis pull up, |
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point of imminency
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point of imminency (during plateau)- unstoppable because of contraction/pulse of prostate gland and seminal vesicles, testis pull up,
emission has occurred coitus interruptus needs to occur before emission at point of imminency in order to work as BC. |
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refractory period is seen in males or females?
what is it? |
in males
after orgasm, period to restart absolute relative (sometimes can restart) complete resetart 20 minutes |
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emission and ejaculation
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sacral lumbar spinal refelx.
paraplegic can reprodcue but no perception no limbic/frontal lobe involvement. ejac but no orgasm |
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resolution phase in males
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reset sys
large endorphin rush urination issue (cannot urinate ~5min after sex bc prostate swollen which occludes urethra) |
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why cant males urinate after sex
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swollen prostate occludes urethra
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whats in semen
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aka seminal fluid
prostaglandins water sugars - fructose, carnitine, glycerol phosphocholine ions/electrolytes sperm fibrinogen liquefaction factors - buffers |
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what sugars are in semen
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fructose
carnitine glycerol phosphocholine |
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what are liquefaction factors
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buffers in semen
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route of sperm to ejaculation
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seminif tubules
tubule recti rete testes efferent ducts epididymis vas ejac duct urethra female follicle infundib uterine tubes uterus |
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route of egg to fertilization
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follic
infundib uterine tubues uterus |
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sperm structure
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head - membranes and spaces
neck - centriole (to move microtubules) midpiece - mitochondria tail-microtubules |
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changes in sperm as they travel through FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
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vaginal sperm - coagulation, then liquefaction
cervical sperm - less acidic, thinner cervix, decr mucus, uterine sperm -uterine contractions help move teh sperm uterine tube - fertilization in ampulla - 5-7 days then get into uterus |
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definition of fertilization
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2 pronuclei fuse, protein synthesis takes off exponentially to prepare for cell division
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sperm capacitation as its moving throughFEMALE REPRO TRACT
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capacitation - abilty to fertilize
activation - ability to undergo acrosomal reaction |
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sperm must pass through what five layers of egg
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cumulus oopherus
corona radiata zona pellucida perivitteline space vitelline membrane |
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how does sperm get through cumulus oopherus (first layer)
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hyaluronidase in head of sperm to break down cell junctions ..protease
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how does sperm get through corona radiata (second layer)
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corona pentrating enzyme to break through single cell layer (corona radiata)
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how does sperm get through zona pellucida (third layer)
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ZP3 receptor on ZP of egg
ZP ligand on sperm triggers acrosomal reaction (calcium flows INTO ACROSOMAL space, increase pH, PM and outer acrosomal membrane fuse making fenestrations so acrosomal space enzymes can degrade ZP. |
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acrosomal reaction
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caused by ZP3 binding to sperm ZP ligand on PM of sperm
releases NEURAMIDASE ACROSIN triggers acrosomal reaction (calcium flows INTO ACROSOMAL space, increase pH, PM and outer acrosomal membrane fuse making fenestrations so acrosomal space enzymes can degrade ZP. |
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What does bindin gof the inner acrosomal membrane and the ZP2 receptor on the vitelline membrane trigger
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cortical reaction
triggers MII in oocyte, fusino of the two pronuclei ensues takes 90 seconds to fertilize |
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cortical reaction
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prevents polyspermy
cortical granules release through vitelline membrane of ovum into perivitelline spaCE cause influx of Na and Ca --> destroy ZP2 and ZP3 receptors PREVENTS Subsequent binding of sperm to egg |