Repro

Front 1

what is the average age of puberty in dogs?

Back 1

bitches- 6-9 months (larger breeds later and greyhounds several years old)

dog- 6-12 months (later in larger breeds)

Front 2

what is the average length of season in bitch?

Back 2

2-3 weeks (pro oestrus and oestrus)

Front 3

how long does pregnancy last in bitches and queens?

Back 3

63 days

Front 4

when does ovulation occur in the bitch?

Back 4

spontaneous

1-3 days after onset of signs of oestrus

Front 5

when does puberty occur in cats?

Back 5

queens- 5-9 months

toms- 6-12 months

Front 6

when do you usually see the first oestrus in queens?

Back 6

first spring following birth

Front 7

how long does pro oeastrus and oestrus last in queen?

Back 7

10 days

Front 8

how long does inter oestrus last in queen?

Back 8

1-2 weeks

Front 9

when do queens ovulate?

Back 9

induced ovulators- require mating stimulus, ovulation occurs 24hours after mating in response to PH surge

Front 10

when is the cut off for cryptochidism?

Back 10

12 weeks

Front 11

why should retained testicles be removed?

Back 11

higher risk of neoplasia

testicular torsion

Front 12

when is the earliest age for breeding in bitches?

Back 12

third oestrus or two years old

Front 13

when is the ideal planned breeding time in queens?

Back 13

18 months for first pregnancy

Front 14

from how many weeks can pregnancy be diagnosed by palpation?

Back 14

4 weeks

Front 15

when can you hear foetal heart beats by ausculatation?

Back 15

last 2 weeks of pregnancy

Front 16

when is mammary enlargemnt obvious?

Back 16

from 5 weeks onwards

Front 17

from how many weeks can you diagnose by ultrasound?

Back 17

4 weeks

Front 18

from how many weeks can you diagnose by x ray?

Back 18

6

dont use routinely as could damage early foetuses

Front 19

from how many weeks can relaxin assay be used?

Back 19

4 weeks

bitch only

hormone produced by placenta

Front 20

what is the most reliable method for pregnany diagnosis?

Back 20

ultrasound in experienced hands

Front 21

describe stage 1 labour

Back 21

lasts 6-12 hours or longer if first parturition.

fall in rectal temp by 0.5-1 degrees celsuis.

vagina relaxes and cervix opens.

minor uterine contractions.

restless and panting. (bitches)

nesting, washing and vocalising(queens)

Front 22

describe stage 2 labour

Back 22

active abdominal straining in lateral recumbancy or crouching

foetuses move into pelvic canal and delivered.

can last up to 24hrs but usually 4-6 hours.

intervals between pups/kittens- 5 mins-2hours

dam settles, eats, drinks and no further straining or agitation= end of stage 2

Front 23

describe delivery of neonate

Back 23

allantochorion ruptures within vagine and produces clear fluid seen at vaginas which bitch licks

amniotic sac is first structure seen externally, neonate born enclosed in this.

dam licks and breaks amniotic sac and bites umbilical cord.

Front 24

when the amnion appears at vagina, how long should it take for the puppy to be born?

Back 24

within 30 mins

Front 25

checklist for stage 2 labour

Back 25

straining

foetal fluids in vagina

temp back to normal

Front 26

describe stage 3 labour

Back 26

placental separation - dark green discharge in btich and reddish brown in queen

uteroverdin

Front 27

what is dystocia?

Back 27

abnormal labour or parturition with complete impediment of prolongation of birth

Front 28

what signs of dystocia permit a veterinary exam?

Back 28

persistent vigorous unproductive strainging of stage 2 labour for 30 mins- 1 hour

persistent vigorous straining with intermittent protrusion of part of feotus for over 30 mins

weak irregular straining for over 2-4hours

delay of more than 2 hours since rupture of allantochorion but no feotus

delay of more than 2 hours since birth of last foetus and more to come

uteroverdin but no feotus within 204hours

foul smelling vulval discharge

second stage labour totally over 12 hours

repeated/ protracted vomiting

Front 29

what are some maternal causes of dystocia?

Back 29

uterine inertia

pelvic fractures causing narrowing of birth canal

muscle weakness

Front 30

what is uterine inertia?

Back 30

uterus inert and fails to contract so pups not expelled.

Front 31

primary uterine inertia?

Back 31

myometrium lacks or becomes unresponsive to foetal movement stimulation.

caused by single pup failing to provide sufficient physical stimulation.

or large litters leading to overstretching and eventual desensitisation.

Front 32

signs of primary uterine inertia?

Back 32

labour doesnt begin or progress to stage 2

feotal death if no action

Front 33

secondary uterine inertia

Back 33

signs of labour evident but myometrim becomes exhausted and unresponsive.

can be caused by obstructive dystocia, prolonged labour, weak old or obese bitches

Front 34

treatment of uterine inertia

Back 34

gentle exercise to promote uterine activity (not secondary)

ferguson reflex- tactile stimulation of dorsal vagina may provoke contractions

oxytocin injection- stimulates smooth muscle contraction by initiating calcium uptake. given im it is effective within 5 mins. can repeat after 30 mins if foetus delivered and more remaining. CI in obstructive dystocia as could cause uterine rupture and peritonitis.

calcium- if hypocalcaemic. calcium gluconate or borogluconate. slow iv injections. monitor HR and stop if bradycardic. can be followed by oxytocin

Front 35

when should you opt for ceasarian in cases of uterine inertia?

Back 35

when medical treatment has no effect

if uteroverdin appears before foetus

Front 36

what are some foetal causes of dystocia?

Back 36

oversized foetus- c sec

malpresentations

single pup syndrome- causes primry uterine inertia, can cause foetus to be v large

Front 37

when should yo opt for ceasarian?

Back 37

uterine inertia not responsive to medical treatment (two oxytocins)

obstructions that cant be manipulated

anatomical abnormalitites eg pelviic narrowing or foetal malformation

foetus death with putrefaction

dam is ill