Repiratory System

Front 1

What structures in protochordates supplemented the oxygen supply taken up by the skin?

Back 1

Pharyngeal slits

Front 2

What did fish develop from pharyngeal slits?

Back 2

complex gill structures developed between pharyngeal slits to accomodate oxygen breathing

Front 3

Why is it more difficult to get oxygen out of the water than the air?

Back 3

95% less oxygen in water than in air, water is heavier and takes more energy to go over the gills

Front 4

What adults or larval stages use external gills?

Back 4

Larval stages of most fish and amphibians
....
some amphibians like the mudpuppy

Front 5

What group of fish have internal gill pouches that exit via individual gill slits?

Back 5

Chondricthyan fish

Front 6

This group of fish have internal gill pouches that exit via one large opening covered by an operculum?

Back 6

Osteichthyan fish

Front 7

skeletal strcutures of bone or cartilage that support the gills

Back 7

gill arches (develop from branchial arches)

Front 8

extend into the pharynx of the fish and serve as filters

Back 8

gill rakers

Front 9

attached to the gill arches and support the gill filaments

Back 9

gill rays

Front 10

.....located on each gill fillament increase surface area for greater oxygen uptake

Back 10

secondary lamellae

Front 11

This process increases effeciency of oxygen absorptiona and carbon dioxide elimination

Back 11

counter current flow

Front 12

In what group of fish did lungs probably originate from?

Back 12

fresh water fish

Front 13

What is left of lungs in modern osteichthyan fish?

Back 13

the swim bladder

Front 14

How did lungs turn into swim bladder?

Back 14

over time the lungs lost their connection with the pharynx and became filled with gas, some still retain connection

Front 15

Describe strucute and function of swim bladder

Back 15

gas filled or air filled sac just dorsal of the digestive system,
helps to maintain balance and allow animal to remain motionless
....
also helps to transmit sound

Front 16

What are the major phylogenetic trends as lungs developed in tetrapods?

Back 16

Increase in surface area and better ventilation

Front 17

Describe amphibian lungs...

Back 17

simple sacs with capillaries in lung walls
....
ventilation is inefficient, casued by the lowering and raising of the pharynx floor "swallowing" technique

Front 18

Describe reptilian lungs....

Back 18

thicker with an increase in surface area caused by internal chambers
.....
ventilation is assisted by body wall muscles

Front 19

Describe mammalian lungs....

Back 19

has a highly branched system of tubes which lead to alveoli (much better surface area)
.....
ventilation is improved by the addition of the diaphragm

Front 20

Describe the bronchial tree

Back 20

air enters through the trachea and into a pair of broncheal tubes these then branch and branch again to form a network of tubules

Front 21

Composed of cartilaginous rings that protects and houses the vocal cords

Back 21

the larynx

Front 22

connective tissue that is stretched acorss the trachea and when stretched tight vibrate to produce sound

Back 22

vocal cords

Front 23

muscle that assists with ventilation in mammals

Back 23

diaphragm

Front 24

Describe the bird lung....

Back 24

composed of two bronchial tubes that lead to many parabroncii with air cappilaries surrounded by blood capillaries where oxygen is exchanged

Front 25

Describe the ventilation process in birds....

Back 25

air enters and goes into the posterior sacs, when the bird exhales it moves to the lungs and new air enter posterior sacs, upon inhalation the air in the lungs enter the anterior sacs and the air in the posterior sacs enter the lungs, upon exhalation the air in the anterior sacs exits the body
.....
There is always fresh air in the lungs and none of this is mixed with old stale air

Front 26

What is composed of the mammalian upper respiratory system?

Back 26

The nasal cavity and sinuses

Front 27

These three bones in the nasal cavity increase surface area and are covered in mucosa?

Back 27

Turbinal bones

Front 28

Cavities that serve as resonance chambers for speech and reduce the weight of the skull

Back 28

sinus cavities

Front 29

This increases the surface area of the turbinal bones

Back 29

nasal mucosa

Front 30

serves to moisten, warm, and filter the incoming air

Back 30

respiratory epithelium

Front 31

Glands lying under the respiratory epithelium which secretes mucous and serous products to trap pathogens and moisten surfaces

Back 31

mucosal glands

Front 32

Responsible for sensing odors within the air

Back 32

olfactory epithelium

Front 33

cell type in olfactory epithelium that serve as odor receptors

Back 33

olfactory cells

Front 34

cell type in olfactory epithelium that serve to support the olfactory cells

Back 34

support cells

Front 35

small undifferentiated cells within the olfactory epithelium that can become other cell types

Back 35

basal cells