Renal Structure And Function

Front 1

What are some of the major functions and characteristics of the kidneys? (There are 4 of them)

Back 1

1. Regulates composition of body fluids (i.e., water balance)
2. Rids body of wastes of metabolism
3. Removes foreign chemicals, drugs and food additives
4. Minor endocrine organs (i.e., renin-angiotensin system and erythropoietin)

Front 2

What is the outer portion of the kidney called and what does it contain?

Back 2

1. Renal Cortex
2. Contains capillary tufts and convoluted tubules

Front 3

True or false: One collecting duct can serve several nephrons

Back 3

True

Front 4

Describe the make-up a the glomerulus

Back 4

A network of 50 capillaries with many circular fenestrations (pores)

Front 5

Why is the glomerulus more permeable than typical capillaries and by how much?

Back 5

The pores have a diameter of 50-100 nm.
100-1000 times more permeable

Front 6

Describe the Bowman's capsule (glomerular capsule)

Back 6

It is a double-walled cuplike structure composed of squamous epithelium.

Front 7

What is unique about the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 7

It is continuous with the epithelium of the glomerular capsule and consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells containing microvilli to greatly increase the surface are

Front 8

Where is the thick segment of the nephron loop located?

Back 8

It runs between the afferent and efferent arterioles

Front 9

What is the Pathway of vessels to kidneys

Back 9

Aorta->Renal Artery->Afferent arteriole->Glomerular capillaries->efferent arteriole->peritubular capillaries->Renal Vein->IVC

Front 10

Ureter

Back 10

Goes from hilum of the kidney down to bladder

Front 11

Types of glomeruli

Back 11

1. Superficial
2. Juxtamedullary

Front 12

Bowman's Capsule

Back 12

Composed of podocytes.
One end covers the glomerular capillaries, other end forms tubules.

Front 13

Renal Tubules

Back 13

Used for reabsorption or secretion of ultrafiltrate components.
Hollow tube made up of a single layer of epithelial cells.
Inside surface=luminal/apical
Outside surface=basolateral/peritubular

Front 14

Excretion

Back 14

Products must be outside body and measured directly from urine.
Excretion=Amount filtrated-amount reabsorbed+amount secreted.

Front 15

Renal tubule components

Back 15

1. Proximal Nephron (Convoluted and straight)
2. Loop of Henle (thin descending, thin ascending, thick ascending)
3. Distal nephron (Distal convoluted tubule, connecting duct, collecting tubule)

Front 16

Proximal nephron

Back 16

1st part of renal tubule.
Consists of convoluted and then straight tubules.
Used for bulk reabsorption of water and solutes.

Front 17

Loop of Henle

Back 17

2nd part of renal tubule
1. Thin descending limb
2. Thin ascending limb
3. Thick ascending limb
Used for dilution or concentration of urine through water.

Front 18

Distal nephron

Back 18

Last part of the renal tubule, used for fine tuning of urine composition.
Has
1. Distal convoluted tubule
2. Connecting duct
3. Collecting tubule

Front 19

Where are the renal columns?

Back 19

Renal columns are portions of cortex between pyramids

Front 20

Which renal vein receives it's adrenal and gonadal vein?

Back 20

Left - because the left renal vein is longer than the right (IVC lies anterior and to the right of Aorta). On right, these enter IVC

Front 21

Why would a fetus with renal agenesis not die of azotemia?

Back 21

Mother's kidneys and placenta filter out fetal blood

Front 22

What can happen to kidneys after dialysis?

Back 22

Cysts may form, even after transplant, probably due to fibrosis or oxalate crystals

Front 23

T\F One nephron per collecting duct? What does this mean?

Back 23

False, multiple nephrons use the same collecting duct, nephrons operated in parallel

Front 24

What controls the permeability of the collecting duct?

Back 24

Vasopressin\ADH

Front 25

How many layers must a filtrate pass through at the glomerulus to enter Bowman’s capsule?

Back 25

3, Capillary endothelium, basal lamina, podocytes(slits between feet with diaphragms)

Front 26

What modulates the effect of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 26

Simultaneous release of PGE2 and PGI2 opposes SNS and minimizes SNS effect

Front 27

Why does angiotensin II differentially affect the afferent and efferent arteriole?

Back 27

Efferent arteriole more sensitive

Front 28

What are the Vasodilators that regulate RBF?

Back 28

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), glucocorticoids, NO, prostaglandins: increase RBF and GFR

Front 29

T\F Lots of protein enter filtrate at renal corpuscle?

Back 29

False, almost no protein

Front 30

What 2 chemical properties allow filtration at the glomerulus?

Back 30

Electrical charge (negative charges in basal lamina) repel negative proteins, molecular size

Front 31

The urinary consists of 4 parts of the body. What are the 4 parts and what are each of their functions?

Back 31

1. Kidneys - Form Urine
2. Ureters - Transport Urine
3. Urinary Bladder - Store Urine
4. Urethra - Carries Urine to Outside of Body

Front 32

What factors can alter the Kf of the glomerular capillaries?

Back 32

Mesangial cells (sympathetic, beta receptor)

Front 33

What is the definition of clearance?

Back 33

the VOLUME of plasma that is cleared of solute x PER MINUTE

Front 34

T\F respiratory acidosis can be completely compensated by the kidneys

Back 34

True, slow but effective

Front 35

What are the 2 ways that diuretics work?

Back 35

Increase GFR and decrease reabsorption of electrolytes

Front 36

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

Back 36

Either side of vertebral column in abdominal cavity between 12th and 3rd lumbar vertebrae.

Front 37

What is the inner portion of the kidney called and what is it composed of?

Back 37

Renal Medulla
Composed of a series of triangular masses (renal pyramids) which are separated by renal columns

Front 38

What are the six parts of the nephron?

Back 38

The Glomerulus
Bowman's Capsule (glomerular capsule)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop)
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct

Front 39

Glomerular Anatomy

Back 39

Layers:
Filtration barrier
1. Glomerular capillary endothelial cells
2. Glomerular Basement Membrane
3. Podocytes (forms Bowman's Capsule)
Supported by mesangeal cells.

Front 40

Which renal artery is longer?

Back 40

Right (aorta sits to the left and posterior to IVC)

Front 41

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 41

Where the thick ascending loop of Henle passes through the afferent and efferent arterioles