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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1)Minimum capacity for kidney function
2) ECF osmolarity is regulated within what margin? |
1)15%
2) +/- 5% |
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They kidney as an endocrine organ:
1) synthesizes two things 2) metabolizes |
1) 1 hydroxylation of 25-OH VItamin D, erythropoietin
2) peptide hormones |
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Preffered energy source of kidney? why?
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glutamate. because it is a source of ammoni.
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1)total body water is what percent of total body mass?
2) how does this vary with fat content? |
1) 45-60%
2) % goes down with increasing obsity |
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What are the two components of the ECF?
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ISF (interstitial) and blood plasma fluid
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ECF has_____ Na (Cl, and Bicarb) and ____K+
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high, low
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ICF has _______ K (organic anions, and protein), and _______ Na+
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high, low
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Describe the mucsle conractions/relaxations during mictruition
1) bladder 2) bladder neck 3) pelvic floor |
1) contract
2) relax 3) relax |
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1) How is urine transported to the baldder from the renal pelvis?
2) what cells regulate this process? 3) what telltale channel gives them this function? 4) to what well known entity are these cells likened? |
1) ureteral peristalsis
2) Cells of Cajal 3) Ifunny Na+ channels 4) SA node |
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Basic unit of kidney macroscopic structure
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lobule
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Main contents of the renal cortex
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Renal corpuscles
Convulutd tubules |
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Main contents of Renal Medula
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Looped straight tubules (Henle)
parallel capilaries Collecting Ducts |
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1) Where does concentration of Urine take place?
2) how does the size of this structure across species? |
1)Renal MEDULLA
2) An animal with concentrated urine will have a large medulla An animal which makes dilute urine will have a small medulla |
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1)Plasma flow rate
2) GFR 3) SNGFR 4) Number of renal corpuscles 5) Normal rate of urine production |
1) 625mL/moin
2) 125mL/min (20%) 3) 0.1 uL/glomerulus/min 4) 2 million 5) 1mL/min |
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Mechanisms of fluid across the tubule endothelium
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transcellular requires energy, and paracellular follows passively
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Epithelial/Endothelial Pas de Deux in renal corpuscle
1) Endothelial (capillary) role 2) Epithelial role |
1) mEndothelial layer – movement from capillary driven by hydrostatic pressure (layer is porous and has high hydrostatic pressure to force ions and some protein into basement membrane)
2) Epithelial layer (cup with visceral and parietal epithelium)– paracellular movement driven by Phydrostatic (between foot processes of podocytes, very selective using nephrin filter) |
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Epithelial/Endothelial Pas de Deux in Tubule
1) Epithelial role 2) Endothelial Role |
1) Epithelial layer – ATP requiring, largely trancellular transport across polarized cell driven by selective transport (sodium-ATPase pump)
2) Endothelial layer – movement into capillary by ΔPhydrostatic and ΔPosmotic (water is sucked in) |
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Podocyte foot processes and the capillary to urinary space filtration selectivity
1) mediator of size sleectivity 2) mediator of charge selectivity |
1) nephrin bases slit diaphragm
2) sialoglycan in BM apposed to slit diaphragm |
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1)Bulk reabsorbing segment?
2) how much of total filtrate? 3) reabsorbs? |
1) PCT
2) 60% 3) water, Na, glucose, bicarb, protein, AAs |
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1) Salt and Urea Recycling segment?
2) "engineering term" for this action |
1) Loop of Henle
2) Countercurrent multiplier |
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Diluting segment
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Thick ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs Na and Cl without reabsorbing water
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Controlling Segment
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1) DCT (contains macula densa)
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How does the macula densa control autoregulation?
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Increased NaCl presentation to macula densa → cell swelling → ATP release → local extracellular production of adenosine → adenoside diffuses to afferent arteriole→ constriction of neighboring afferent arterioles → overwhelms renin driven autoregulation (effects of prostglandins) and lowers GFR
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Site of much water reabsorption controlled by ADH
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Collecting duct
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The kidney can maintain homeostasis with only 5% function IF?
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Th pt. is on a stricty salt and water control diet
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What components of the nepron are included in the "urinary concentration apparatus?"
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Loop of Henle, Medullary CD, and Accompanying Vasa Rcta
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Name that segment:
Leaky, bulk reabsorptive epithelium |
PCT
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Presentation of electrolytes, AA, and glucose to the apical PCT will cause
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swelling of the cell and then activation of basolateral transporters which pump the contents back into the pericapilary space
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Describe how hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure causes uptake of fluid from the pericapillary space on the basal side of the PCT into the vasa recta
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High pericapillary space hydrostatic pressure and high capillary oncotic pressure (because albumin was not filtered) combine to suck fluid back ino the vasa recta.
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Name that cell:
Tight, selectively reabsorbing epithelium |
CD principle Cell
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Principle Cell of the CD:
1) Na+ transport creates a lumen +/- transcellular potential? 2) this drives reabsorption of ____ 3) CD water permeability is under the control of? |
1) lumen negative
2) Choride 3) ADH |
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alpha Intercalated cell of CD:
1) pumps out acid and reclaims____ in order to titrate excreted ______ |
1) K+, NH3
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Take home message about the Collecting duct
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Salt and water can be reclaimed independantly of each other
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ADH regulates?
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Aquaporin channel denisty in the collecting duct
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Bladder Voiding
1) describe how it is dependant upon age 2) detrusor muscle is innervated by? |
1) babies and alzheimers patients operate purely upon a stretch reflex. Others have CNS control
2) Hypogastric nerve |