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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do the kidneys mostly respond to Na excretion?
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Blood pressure
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What is total circulatory fluid volume?
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The total fluid volume throughout the body. The kidneys can alter this by altering the Na level. Blood pressure is proportional to this volume.
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What does TPR stand for?
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Total peripheral resistance. It is increased as the aterioles constrict.
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What is Aldosterone?
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a hormone that comes from the adrenal cortex. it is the main key in the reabsorption (or not) of Na
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What does an increased plasma potassium level do?
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promotes secretion of Aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
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What does aldosterone release respond to?
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1 increased plasma K level
2 low systemic BP 3 low glomerular pressure (of the afferent arteriole) |
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What acts on the principal cells of the distal tubules and collecting ducts?
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Aldosterone. It causes reabsorption of Na from the tubular fluid and secretion of K and H+ into the tubular fluid.
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Where/what cells does aldosterone act on?
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The principal cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct
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What may cause hypertension and alkalemia?
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excess aldosterone. It would cause high BP because of the increased, reabsorbed Na followed by H20. and alkalemia, because it's getting rid of H+ (acid). May also cause hypokalemia, becuase of secretion of K
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What may excess aldosterone cause?
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It may cause hypertension, alkalemia, and hypokalemia.
comes from the adrenal cortex. Main fxn is to reabsorb Na |
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How could 2% make a difference in body Na and related circulatory fluid volume?
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2% of all is 504 mEq Na. equivalates to an extra 3.6 extra LITERS in one day. 3.6 liters is 7.9 lbs
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How do kidneys increase pressure? Part 1
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vasomotor center responds by causing an increase in sympathetic tone, smooth muscle, to ventricles, to granular cells of Juxtaglomerular apparatus.
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How do the kidneys increase pressure? Part 2
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Arterioles constrict and ventricles contract more forcefully. graular cells release renin>angiotensin II>vasoconstriction
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What role do the granular cells have in increasing blood pressure?
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They respond by releasing renin. This then leads to ang II and vasoconstriction.
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How do the kidneys increase flow?
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inadequate pressure sends message to granular cells to release renin. ang II also releases aldosterone and ADH.
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What role do Type B intercalated cells have?
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Excrete HCO3-. THis lowers the body pH. They also conserve some H+
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Where are the Type B intercalated cells located?
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collecting duct.
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What part of the nephron reabsorbs HCO3:?
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The proximal tubule (duh)
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What main object controls the potassium?
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THe principal cells of the collecting duct. Most potassium is always reabsorbed, but the principal cells secrete it.
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What do the kidneys use to increase PRESSURE?
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arteriolar smooth muscle
ventricles, granular cells |
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What does the kidney do inorder to increase FLOW?
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granular cells to increase renin, which along with ang II, releases aldosterone and ADH from post pituitary.
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What does ADH do?
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increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
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What do the sympathetic fibers contribute to?
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Both pressure and flow. (renin secretion and reabsorption of everything)
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When H+ is being secreted, the H+ ions arent being used to reclaim HCO3, but rather...
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combine with divalent phosphate, and are excreted in the urine as monovalent phosphate.
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What are three urinary buffers?
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divalent phosphate
ammonia glutamine |
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With regards to H+ and HCO3, the kidney can
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created new HCO3
excrete excess of HCO3 excrete excess of H+ |
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What does the Henderson-Hasselbach equation quantify?
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The bicarbonate buffer system. lungs adjust CO2 also.
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What is the main contributor cell to secrete H+?
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Type A intercalating cells
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What is fixed acid?
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H+ ions that cant be blown off by the lungs. it is metabolized
dietary protein |
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Where is ADH produced?
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by two nuclei in the hypothalamus, the supraoptic and the paraventricular.
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Where is ADH stored?
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The posterior pituitary.
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What causes ADH secretion?
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increased osmolarity of body fluids, low BP, angiotensin II, nicotine
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Two types of calcium
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cholecalciferol D3 and ergocalciferol D2
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What is the active form of calcium?
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Calcitriol
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What regulates plasma calcium?
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PTH, parathyroid hormone. by increasing calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule
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What is calciums role in muscle contraction?>
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a small amount of calcium will enter the terminal and cause exocytosis of Ach. No calcium, no ach, no muscle contraction
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What happens to muscle contraction with low Ca?
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if extracellular Ca is too low, muscle membranes depolarize too easily and muscles go into spasm
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