Renal Physiology And Body Fluids

Front 1

What structures are found only in the cortex of the kidney?

Back 1

Glomeruli, Convolouted Tubules, Cortical collecting ducts

Front 2

What structures are found in the medulla of the kidney?

Back 2

Loops of henle, Medullary collecting ducts, and blood vessels of the medulla

Front 3

Renal Corpuscle includes?

Back 3

Bowman's Capsule and Glomeruli

Front 4

Nephron includes?

Back 4

Renal corpuscle + Renal tubules

Front 5

What do the Macula Densa cells do?

Back 5

Synthesize and release Renin

Front 6

What is renin?

Back 6

A proteolytic enzyme that results in angiotensin formation

Front 7

What is the blood supply of the kidney?

Back 7

Renal artery--> 5 segmental--> Interlobar arteries--> Arcuate--> Cortical--> Afferent--> Efferent Arteries --> peritubular and Vasa recta arteries

Front 8

What are the levels that supply the sympathetics to the kidneys

Back 8

T10,T11,T12,L1

Constricts the arteries thus decreases blood flow

Front 9

What are the macula densa cells?

Back 9

Densely crowded tubular epithelial cells on the side of the thick ascending limb that cafes the glomerular truft

Front 10

What does excretion refer to ?

Back 10

the amount eliminated via the urine

Front 11

Excreted=

Back 11

Filtered - Reabsorbed + Secreted

Front 12

What is the ideal substance to measure GFR?

Back 12

Insulin

Front 13

Why is insulin so good for measuring GFR?

Back 13

It is only filtered from the plasma, not reabsorbed or secreted.

Front 14

What is the Rate of Cleareance?

Back 14

[Urine] * [V (rate)]/ [Plasma]

Front 15

How many times a day does the plasma get filtered?

Back 15

60x

Front 16

What is the normal GFR for an adult male?

Back 16

125ml/min

Front 17

What is the normal GFR for an adult female?

Back 17

110ml/min

Front 18

Creatinine is the end product of ?

Back 18

Muscle Metabolism

Front 19

What are the draw backs to using creatinine for GFR measurements?

Back 19

Creatinine is secreted by the kidney

Front 20

How much blood flow goes to the kidney?

Back 20

20%

Front 21

Which part of the kidney receives the most amount of blood?

Back 21

The Cortex

Front 22

What is autoregulation of the kidney?

Back 22

Despite MAP changes the pressure in the kidney always remains constant through the constriction or dilation of the afferent vessels

Front 23

What are the 2 mechanisms that play a role in autoregulation of the kidney?

Back 23

Myogenic-when bp increases it stretches the walls of the afferent arterioles and cortical arteries causing their smooth muscle to constrict

Myogenic Mechanism: An increase in GFR causes an increase in NaCl in the filtration which causes the release of vasoconstriction of via adenosine

Front 24

What is the main size selective barrier of the GFB?

Back 24

Basmentmembrane

Front 25

What does nephrin the protein do?

Back 25

It's the major protein in the Slit pore of the podocytes. With out it a lot of fats and proteins are allowed to escape into the urine. (Congenital Nephrotic syndrome)

Front 26

What is the hallmark of glomerular disease?

Back 26

Proteinuria

Front 27

What forces work to create the GFR?

Back 27

Starling Forces: Hydrostatic + osmotic

Front 28

How much does Capillary hydrostatic pressure change in the glomeruli from the afferent end to the efferent end?

Back 28

Very little bc there numerous loops in parallel making the resistance to blood flow very low. Compared to teh much higher resistance in skeletal muscle.

Front 29

The osmotic pressure _____ along the length bc you are pushing filtrate out of the blood into the glomerulus lumen

Back 29

Increases- Proteins are being filtered out

Front 30

At what arterial pressure is GFR effected by a decrease in Hydrostatic pressure

Back 30

anything below 80mmHg will decrease GFR..

Front 31

What what arterial BP will GFR come to a stop thus producing no urine?

Back 31

anything below 40mmHg

Front 32

What is a classic sign of hemmorrhagic or cardiogenic shock?

Back 32

NO urine output

Front 33

Where in the nephron is most of the water reabsorbed?

Back 33

Proximal convoluted tubule (70%)

Front 34

What is another name for Anti Diuretic Hormone?

Back 34

Arginine Vasopressin

Front 35

The release of ADH does what?

Back 35

It Activates a G protein which sends vesicles with Aquapoin 2 channels to the lumen surface.

Front 36

What % of Na is absorbed in
A. PCT
B. Thick Ascending loop
C. DCT
D. Collecting duct
E. Urine

Back 36

A. 65% (Na/H, Glu/Na)
B. 20% (Na/K/2Cl-)
C. 10% (Na/Cl-)
D. 4% (Na channel)
E. 1% Urine

Front 37

What are the 3 stimuli for the release of Renin?

Back 37

1. Decrease in BP in the afferent arterioles
2. Macula Densa cells experiencing a decrease in Na= ions.
3.Sympathetic B2 adrenergic receptors on the granular cells.

Front 38

What is bradykinin?

Back 38

Produced by the kidney which stops Na+ reabsorption

Front 39

Prostaglandin's E2 and I2....

Back 39

increase Na+ excretion by the kidney's

Front 40

Where is Na+ mainly regulated?

Back 40

Kidney's

Front 41

How much edema much accumulate until it is visibly noticable?

Back 41

3L

Front 42

What does one liter of edema weigh?

Back 42

2.2lbs

Front 43

What is the main ion inside the cell?

Back 43

K+

Front 44

What is the main ion outside the cell?

Back 44

Na+

Front 45

What does excess K+ in the plasma cause?

Back 45

Hypopolarization- Cardiac arrhythmias, v-Fib, metabolic acidosis

Front 46

What is normal K+ in the plasma?

Back 46

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Anything below 3.5= Hypokalemia
Anything above 5.0= Hyperkalemia

Front 47

What stores the most potassium in the body and therefore damage to it will cause dangerous hyperkalemia?

Back 47

skeletal muscle

Front 48

What are some factors that influence K+ distribution?

Back 48

1. Na+/K+ pump
2. pH- H+ into cell and K+ out
-Alkaline urine is used for Hyperkalemia in emergencies
3. Insulin promotes the uptake of K+
-Used in an emergency hyperkalemia
4. Tissue trauma
5. Hyperosmolarity

Front 49

Potassium is...

Back 49

Filtered, reabsorbed and secreted
-70% of it is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 50

What are kidney stones called?

Back 50

nephrolithiasis

Front 51

What do you use to treat nephrolithiasis?

Back 51

lithotripsy

Front 52

Where is most of the potassium excreted from?

Back 52

Collecting tubules

Front 53

Where is most of the potassium that is filtered reabsorbed?

Back 53

PCT

Front 54

80% of nephrolithiasis are?

Back 54

Calcium oxalate salts

Front 55

Name some other nephrolithiasis?

Back 55

Sturvite stones: from an infection with the Proteus species
Uric acid stones: gout
Cystine Stones: cystineuria

Front 56

What are the parasympathetic pelvic nerves for the bladder?

Back 56

S2-S4

Front 57

What nerve supplies the somatic motor innervation to the external sphincter?

Back 57

pudendal nerve